What is a phrase Definition A phrase is

What is a phrase? Definition: A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. LAY SENGHOR 1

What is noun phrase? l. Definition: A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of noun. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun. LAY SENGHOR 2

Examples they, bicycles, student, teachers, and the bicycles are noun phrase, but bicylce is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences ( in which the noun phrases are all in italics). LAY SENGHOR 3

Short conversation l Q: Do you like bicycles? l A: Yes, I like them. l Q: Do you like the bicyles over there? l A: Yes, they are nice. l Q: Do you like the bicycles I bought last week? l A: Yes, I like it. ( it refers to the bicyle). LAY SENGHOR 4

STRUCTURES OF NOUN PHRASE l Noun pre-modifiers: Modifiers before the noun are called premodifier. (modify means to limit, restrict, characterise, or otherwise focus meaning). All of the pre-modifier that are present and the noun together form a noun phrase. LAY SENGHOR 5

l Noun post-modifier: Modifiers coming after a noun are called post-modifiers. 1) NOUN PHRASE: Premodifier+ noun. EXAMPLE: White house: here white is a premodifier and a house is a noun. The three old democratic legislator: here three old democratic is premodifier and legislator is a noun. LAY SENGHOR 6

2) NOUN PHRASE: Noun + post-modifier ( the most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases) Example: The glass on the table: here on the table is post-modifier. The boy in the store: here in the store is post-modifier. LAY SENGHOR 7

l 3) NOUN PHRASE: Premodifier + noun+ post-modifier. Example: The boys on top of the house are………. . Here the is premodifier, boys is the noun, on top of the house is postmodifier. LAY SENGHOR 8

EXPANSION OF NOUN PHRASE l l l l l Noun Pronoun Personal person( name) Determiner + noun Determiner + adjective + noun Determiner + adj+present part+ noun. Determiner + noun + prepositional phrase. Determiner + adj + noun+ pre. phrase. Determiner + adj+ present part+n +pre. p. LAY SENGHOR 9

What is determiner? 016940392 Definition: Determiners are words that are used with noun to clarify the noun. l To define something or someone l To state the amount of people, things or other nouns. l To state possessive l To state something or someone is specifict l To state how things or people are distributed. l To state the difference between noun. l To state someone or something is not specifict. LAY SENGHOR 10

DETERMINER l ARTICLES: a, an, the. l DEMONSTRATIVES: this, that, which. l POSSESSIVE: my, your, their. l QUANTIFIERS: few, a few, many, much. l NUMBERS: one, two, three. l ORDINALS: first, second, third. LAY SENGHOR 11

KINDS OF DETERMINER 1) Pre-determiners 2) Central determiners 3) Post-determiners. LAY SENGHOR 12

What is pre-determiner? Definition : Pre-determiners are words that are used to put in front of other determiners in noun phrase. They fall into four subsets: a) the subset all, both, half…… All the children Both the boys Half the children LAY SENGHOR 13

b) Multipliers that consisting of: l 1) the subset: once, twice, and thrice. Once a day Twice a day Thrice a day LAY SENGHOR 14

2) the subset: double, treble, quadruple. They now earn double their previous salary. 3) Multiplyingexpression headed by times: ten times the fatalities three times a day four times each month. LAY SENGHOR 15

l c) fraction other than half: one-tenth the speed two- third the time l d) exclamative what which can precede the indefinite article: what a day what a happy occasion. such a friend. LAY SENGHOR 16

What is central determiner? l Definition: Central determiners are words that are used to put after pre-determiners(not all). Example: four times a day. two-third the time. LAY SENGHOR 17

Central determiners are l l l l articles demonstratives possessive determiners interrogative determiners relative determiners nominalrelative determiners ( which ) wh-conditional determiners( whatever) indefinite determiners( some, any ) LAY SENGHOR 18

What is post-determiner? l Definition: Post-determiners are words that are used to put after predeterminer and central determiner. LAY SENGHOR 19

Post- determiner fall into four subsets a) cardinals: all my six children. b) primary ordinals: her twenty-first birthday. General ordinals: both her other daughters. Primary quantifiers all your few suggestions LAY SENGHOR 20

What is modifier? l Definition: A modifier is a word or sentence element that limits or qualifies another word, a phrase or a clause. l Forms of modifiers: 1) Adjective 2) adverb LAY SENGHOR 21

How many kinds of modifiers are there? PRE- MODIFIER POST-MODIFIER LAY SENGHOR 22

What is pre-modifier of noun? l Definition: Pre-modifiers are words that are used to put before noun and modify noun. l Pre-modifiers of noun: 1) adjective or adjective phrase one single blood-pressure measurement. LAY SENGHOR 23

l. Noun or Noun phrase: It is a hundred and fifty pound job…. . -Ing participle the coming weeks -ed participle wasted natural resources LAY SENGHOR 24

- Genitive noun phrase the old soldier’s way - Numeral six essays -Adverb then managing editor -Prepositional phrase -Clause LAY SENGHOR 25

What is post-modifier of noun? l Definition: Post-modifiers are words that are used to put after noun. LAY SENGHOR 26

Post-modifiers of noun are: 1) Prepositional phrase It is just a question of which is the more efficient approach. 2) Finite relative clause We don’t have a constitution which stops government from legislating certain things. LAY SENGHOR 27

3) Relative-ing participle clause The air mass bringing the coldest temperatures is the polar continental mass which comes in from the Soviet Union. 4) Relative-ed participle clause It is a school project planned for the mine LAY SENGHOR 28

5)Relative infinitive clause And again Fred when is the time to do it. 6)Appositive finite clause It is really shorthand for the view that well-being depends on more than the absenceof the disease. LAY SENGHOR 29

8) Adverb …so you arrived the day before did you. 9) Adjective Uhm let me fine you something ethnic. 10) Noun Phrase He is in his address this morning. LAY SENGHOR 30

FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASE 1) Subject My old laptop is not working now. 2) Directive object ……sign your name there. 3) Indirect object I always tell people I am not a teacher. LAY SENGHOR 31

4) Subjective predicate Uh faith has been a gift for me. 5) Objective predicate I called this little talk a survey of global economic crisis. 6) Complement of preposition Uhm but why isn’t it in French. LAY SENGHOR 32

7) Premodifier of a noun or noun phrase Simon’s on this revision course……. . 8) Vocative You are a snob, Dad. 9) Adverbial The flag goes up far side. LAY SENGHOR 33

10) Premodifier of adjective The plane was 4 hourrs late. 11) Premodifier of preposition He revealed Washington had informed the Kremlin an hour before the start of the assault. LAY SENGHOR 34

12) Premodifier of adverb Now Mercedes have always been good at insulting their car but they are gone a stage further with this. 13) Post-modifier of noun Women may suffer from lack of acceptable because too many of the men their age are dead. LAY SENGHOR 35

14) Post-modifier of adjective We are short fifteen dollars. END ! End ! LAY SENGHOR 36