What has DNA learned to do It has

What has DNA learned to do? • It has created a species so advanced that it can go in and fix itself.

Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering involves breaking a DNA molecule and inserting a new gene.

Restriction Enzymes • Are (molecular scissors) enzymes made by bacteria that cut DNA at specific sites.

Where does this restriction enzyme cut?

How about this restriction enzyme?

And this restriction enzyme

Restriction Enzymes • Ecor 1 - cuts DNA at what sequence? • Where ever the code says CTTAAG it will be cut. • Bacteria make restriction enzymes to rip apart viral DNA. Sticky Ends

If we wanted to cut out the gene A little lamb witch restriction enzyme would we choose?

Scientist can insert genes. Recombinant DNA – take DNA out of one organism and insert it into a different one.

Do Now! • Where did dogs come from?

From Wolves

This is known as artificial selection. • The artificial selection of animals is the first use of biotechnology. • Also known as Selective Breeding

Transforming Bacteria A bacteria picks up a different organisms DNA and makes copies of it. Bacteria have circler DNA known as Plasmids are cut by restriction enzymes and the DNA of other organism are inserted here. http: //www. sumanasinc. com/webcont ent/anisamples/molecularbiology/p lasmidcloning_fla. html

Separating DNA • Gel electrophoresis • Used to analyze and separate DNA. • DNA moves through gel according to its size and charge. • Allows a scientist to pick out the gene he is looking for.

Electrophoresis

DNA Fingerprinting • DNA left at a crime seen can be analyzed from small amounts of DNA. • DNA is unique per individual and can be used in court to convict criminals. http: //www. sumanasinc. com/w ebcontent/anisamples/dynamic illustrations/paternitytesting. ht ml

PCR • Polymerase Chain Reaction. (PCR) • Works like a photocopy machine. • Takes a gene and makes many copies of it. • How can this be useful?

Transgenic Organisms • Contain genes from other organisms • The human forms of protein such as insulin, growth hormone were once very expensive • Bacteria are transformed to produce these proteins in great amounts.

Genetically Modified Food • Genes from one organism are inserted into another organism to make it more attractive to consumers. • Franken Food – a GM tomato

Dinner at the DNA Cafe • Appetizers • Spliced Potato with Waxmoth gene • Juice of Tomatoes with Flounder gene • Entrees • Blackened Catfish with Trout Gene • Pork Chops with Human Gene ( with cannibal) • Scallop Potatoes with Chicken Gene • Cornbread with Fire Fly Gene • Dessert • Rice Pudding with Pea Gene. • Beverage • Milk with Genetically Engineered Bovine Growth Hormone.

Transgenic Plants • Scientist have taken genes from plants that make natural pesticides and inserted them into other plants? • How does this keep us safe?

Transgenic Animals • Stains of mice have been produced to have immune systems similar to ours. • This allows scientist to study human diseases using mice. • Big Bucks

Gene Therapy • A faulty gene is replaced by a normal gene. • This allows the body to make the correct protein.

Cloning • Genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. http: //www. sumanasin c. com/webcontent/ani samples/stemcells. ht ml

What happen to dolly? • She died early • Why • Because of the way she was cloned. • Dolly was old before she was even born. • Here telomeres were to short.

Telomeres • Are the ends of DNA that can not be replicated. • After each replication it becomes shorter and shorter. • This is a cells molecular clock.

Ethical Issues • • • Do we have the right to clone Plants? Live stock? Human Organs? Humans?