What does writing involve Grammatical competence Discourse competence

What does writing involve? • Grammatical competence 文法、字彙、語言結構 • Discourse competence 各種文體的結構特性 • Sociolinguistic competence 各種情境、場合、讀者…… • Strategic competence 溝通表達技巧(幽默、反諷、舉例……)

What L 2 Writers Need to Know to Create Effective Texts? • • • Content knowledge System knowledge Process knowledge Genre knowledge Context knowledge—of readers’ expectations, cultural preferences, etc.

Cultural Differences • Writer Responsible • Reader Responsible

Writer Responsible Reader Responsible Clear 清楚 Flowery 華麗的 Concise 簡明 Ornate 修飾的 Action-oriented 動作取向 Practical 實務的 Subject-oriented 主題取向 Theoretical 理論的 Deductive Quasi-inductive 半歸納的 演繹的 AB to BC to CD AB to CD to EF

Cultural Preferences • • Anglo-European Arabic Oriental Romance and Russian

Cultural Preference of Writing Structure

Paragraph vs. Essay • A paragraph is a collection of sentences that describe, discuss, or explain one central idea. • An essay is similar to a paragraph in its organization and order, but includes more information and depth about a topic. • sentences paragraphs essays

A paragraph includes…… • A topic sentence • Several supporting detail sentences • A concluding sentence A Topic Sentence Several Supporting Sentences A Concluding Sentence

An essay includes…… • An introduction paragraph • Body paragraphs • A conclusion paragraph Body paragraph 1 Introduction Paragraph (Hook+ Thesis statement) Body paragraph 2 Body paragraph 3 Conclusion paragraph

What makes an expository ? Expository means to inform, explain, clarify, define or instruct via logical analysis.

Characteristics: • • • Focus on the main topic Logical supporting facts A strong organization A logical order Clarity, unity, coherence Smooth transitions

Types of Expository • • Process Cause and effect Comparison and contrast Logical division (division and classification) • Problem and solution • ․ Examples ․Definitions

Cause and Effect • To explain why things happen (i. e. causes) and what happens as a result (i. e. effects) 1. one cause one effect 2. many causes one effect 3. one cause many effects 4. ripple effect (chain reaction)

One cause one effect Cause Effect

One cause one effect Eating stale food Stomach ache

Many causes one effect Cause #1 Cause #2 Cause #3 Effect

Many causes one effect malnutrition overwork a lack of sleep poor health

One cause many effects Effect #1 Effect #4 Cause Effect #3 Effect #2

One cause many effects bank taking away the house cut down on expenses losing job sell the car transferring to public schools

Ripple effect (chain reaction)

Ripple effect (chain reaction) Excessive Emission of CO 2 Global temperature on the rise Melting of iceberg Sea level on the rise Animals losing habitats Weird weather change

Causal relationship Because, so, for, therefore, as a result, as a consequence…… Ex. I want my boyfriend to be smart because I am stupid. (non-causal) Ex. I want my boyfriend to be smart because I need someone to help me with my homework. (causal)

Comparison and Contrast • To show similarities and/or differences between two things, people, ideas or events • To focus on strengths/advantages and weaknesses/disadvantages of something

Ways to develop comparison/contrast • The Point-by-Point Method • The Block Method

The Point-by-Point Method • The writer discusses one characteristic about both subjects at a time and then move on to the second characteristic and then the third characteristic. • At least two characteristics discussed

City Life or Country Life A. Living expenses 1. in the city (1) more expensive things (2) more temptation 2. in the country (1) less expensive things (2) less temptation B. Facilities C. Living environment

The Block Method • The writer discusses a set of characteristics about one subject and the move on to discuss the same set of characteristics about the second subject. • The discussion of the characteristics should be in the same order.

City Life or Country Life I. Living in the City A. Living expenses a. more expensive things b. more temptation B. Facilities C. Living environment II. Living in the Country A. Living expenses a. less expensive things b. less temptation B. Facilities C. Living environment

Logical Division (Division & Classification) • Ideally to include all the categories that pertain to the main thing being classified • At least 3 separate groups being presented and discussed • More than one way to categorize things • The groups do not overlap.

An essay includes…… • An introduction paragraph • Body paragraphs • A conclusion paragraph Body paragraph 1 Introduction Paragraph (Hook+ Thesis statement) Body paragraph 2 Body paragraph 3 Conclusion paragraph

• Benefits from Exercising • Exercise brings about many benefits. First, it strengthens the heart. When you exercise, your heart beats faster. So there is more blood flowing in your body and your heart becomes stronger. Second, when you exercise, you forget about the sad things which are bothering you. You also relieve pressure and feel relaxed after working out. Moreover, if you exercise constantly, you become healthier and do not get sick easily. As you can see, exercise really does you good in many ways. If you are not in the habit of exercising, do it now. Then you can enjoy the benefits from exercising.

Introduction Body Feature 1 Introduction Supporting sentences for Feature 1 Feature 2 Supporting sentences for Feature 2 Feature 3 Supporting sentences for Feature 3 Conclusion

Introduction Exercise brings about many benefits. Body It strengthens the heart. When you exercise, your heart beats faster. So there is more blood flowing in your body…… Feature 2 When you exercise, you forget about all the sad things ……You also relieve pressure…… You become healthier and do not get sick easily. Conclusion As you can see, ……………… ……

Introduction Exercise brings about many benefits. Body It strengthens the heart. When you exercise, your heart beats faster. So there is more blood flowing in your body…. . . It fortifies the muscles. With constant exercise, your muscles become stronger and hold your body better. Then…… It helps to keep fit. Exercising is the best way to burn excessive calories. With no excessive calories, …… Conclusion As you can see, ……………

Introduction Exercise brings about many benefits. Body It benefits people physically. Exercise strengthens the heart, fortifies the muscles, and burn excessive calories…… It benefits people mentally. When exercising, people tend to forget about their worries and relieve pressure…… It benefits people socially. Very often people meet like-minded friends when exercising……. Conclusion As you can see, ……………

Student’s work: If I could make someone disappear, I want that person to be the former Minister of Education, Tu Cheng-Sheng. There are three reasons why I want him to disappear. First, he dosed off at Legislative Yuan, and insisted that he was not sleeping; he was just closing his eyes. Second, he picked his nose in public. It is so disgusting. Where are his manners? Third, he put “three little pigs” on the idiom list. What kind of idiom is that? Therefore, if I could make someone disappear, I want that person to be Tu Cheng. Sheng.

“If I could make someone disappear” in graphic organizer If I could make someone disappear, I want that person to be Tu Cheng. Sheng. He dosed off at the Legislative Yuan. Instead of apologizing, he insisted that he was just closing his eyes. He should pick his nose in public. What a disgusting act! Only a very rude person would do such a thing. Where are his manners? He once said that “the three little pigs” should be taken as an idiom. Didn’t he have any sense at all? Therefore, due to the above reasons, if I could make someone disappear, I certainly want that person to be Tu Cheng. Sheng.

If I could make someone disappear: Re-organized If I could make someone disappear, I want that person to be Tu Cheng. Sheng. He was a person who talks black into white. He dosed off at the Legislative Yuan. Instead of apologizing, he insisted that he was just closing his eyes. He was a person with no manners at all. He should pick his nose in public. What a disgusting act! Only a very rude person would do such a thing. Where are his manners? He misled students about Chinese idioms. He once said that “the three little pigs” should be taken as an idiom. Didn’t he have any sense at all? Therefore, due to the above reasons, if I could make someone disappear, I certainly want that person to be Tu Cheng. Sheng.

Someone I Admire Among all the female politicians and leaders, Mrs. Margaret Thatcher is the one I admire the most. She kept a good balance between work and family. For these reasons, I admire Mrs. Thatcher very much. I hope that one day I will be just like her. She was an extraordinary leader. She is a woman that people would never forget. She proved to the world that gender is not an issue, but abilities and determination are in politics.

Someone I Admire Among all the female politicians and leaders, Mrs. Thatcher is the one I admire the most. She kept a good balance between work and family. For these reasons, I admire Mrs. Thatcher very much. I hope that one day I will be just like her. She was an extraordinary leader. She sets a good example for women who aspire to lead. She proved to the world that gender is not an issue, but abilities and determination are in politics.

Structure of the writing On “Finders Keepers” Paragraph I: For or against “Finders keepers” Reason 1; Reason 2; Reason 3 Paragraph II: Personal experience Who lost what? When did it happen? What happened then?

Paragraph 1 I don’t agree when people say that “finders keepers”. My reasons are as follows. To begin with, ……Besides, …. . Moreover, ……What’s more, ……

Similar expressions: The following are my reasons. I have my reasons. The following explains why I think so. Let me explain why I think so.

To enumerate points: 1. To begin with, first of all, firstly, first, for one thing, first and foremost, 2. Besides, in addition, secondly, for another 3. What’s more, moreover, furthermore, thirdly, 4. Last, last but not least, finally,

Possible reasons: • It contradicts with the education I have. • It’s immoral. • One may get conscience-smitten. • Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.

IV. Students’ Works Before Instruction • In ancient times, people didn’t have to close the door when they went to bed. That is, there were no thieves. Whoever found something lost on the road, they wouldn’t just keep it. Instead, they would return it to the owner. I can’t agree more to this concept. In my opinion, I am totally opposed to the idea of “Finders keepers. ” People should not take others’ belongings as their own. Regardless of what people lose, it may be of great importance to them. Whenever one finds something on the road, one needs to return it and don’t keep it. (by Eva)

After Instruction • I’m opposed to the saying “finders keepers. ” My reasons are as follows. First of all, it contradicts with the education I have. Teachers always teach us not to keep others’ belongings as ours. Instead, we should return them to their owners. Moreover, one may get conscience-smitten. If one keeps others’ belongings, he will be afraid of being found out and get anxious all the time. Finally, don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you. If you lose something important, you will absolutely hope to find it back. We should stand in others’ shoes and never practice “Finders keepers. ” (by Eva)

Ways to begin introduction of an essay Strategy Examples 1. Anecdotes Stories of all sorts that are related to the topic 2. Examples/ Facts Examples or facts that are related to the topic 3. Questions Rhetorical questions to raise readers’ awareness of the topic and related issues 4. Quotations from famous figures or sayings 5. Statistics from research related to the topic

Tips for conclusion • • • To restate thesis statement To summarize the main points To ask a question To suggest a solution To make a recommendation/suggestion To make a prediction

Example: Benefits from exercising Introduction Exercise brings about many benefits. Body Benefits Supporting examples It benefits people physically. Exercise strengthens the heart, fortifies the muscles, and burn excessive calories…… It benefits people mentally. When exercising, people tend to forget about their worries and relieve pressure…… It benefits people socially. Very often people meet like-minded friends when exercising……. Conclusion As you can see, ……………

Benefits from Exercising (5 paragraphs) Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraphs 2 -4: Body (Supporting Paragraphs) Paragraph 5: Conclusion Opening sentence: Thesis statement: Topic sentence: Supporting examples:

Benefits from Exercising (3 paragraphs) Paragraph 1: Introduction Paragraphs 2: Body Paragraph 3: Conclusion Opening sentence: Thesis statement: Topic sentence: Exercise benefits people in three ways. It benefits people physically. Specific examples It benefits people mentally. Specific examples It benefits people socially Specific examples

Paragraph 1: Introduction Opening sentence: Every day on my way to school, I see many people exercising in the parks. Some are doing Tai-chi, some are jogging, and some are dancing. (Facts/Examples) Thesis statement: People exercise because they enjoy benefits from exercising constantly. Paragraph 2: Body Paragraph 3: Conclusion Topic sentence: Exercise benefits people in at least three ways. It benefits people physically. --have a stronger heart, a better immune system, --seldom get sick. It benefits people mentally. --forget about worries --relieve pressure from work or studies --feel relaxed It benefits people socially --meet people with the same interest --learn new skills of the exercise they do from their friends Exercise makes people healthy physically, mentally and socially. (Restating of the main points) For people who want to live a healthy and happy life, the first thing they should do is exercise constantly. (Making a suggestion)

(1) Every day on my way to school, I see many people exercising in the parks. (2) Some are doing Tai-chi, some are jogging, and some are dancing. (3) People exercise because they enjoy benefits from exercising. (4) Exercise benefits people in at least three ways. (5) First of all, it benefits people physically. (6) People who exercise constantly usually have stronger hearts and muscles; (7) they also have a better immune system, so they seldom get sick. (8) Besides, exercise benefits people mentally. (9) Exercise helps people forget about their worries, relieve pressure from work or studies. (10) As a result, they feel relaxed and happy. (11) Furthermore, exercise benefits people socially. (12) When exercising, it is very possible to meet people who like to do the same exercise or share the same interests. (13) Besides meeting new friends, they can learn new skills of the exercise they do from their friends. (14) In this case, exercise enlarges people’s social circle. (15) In conclusion, exercise makes people healthy physically, mentally and socially. (16) For people who want to live a healthy and happy life, the first thing they should do is exercise constantly.

看圖寫作 Picture-based Writing • • • Where to start? From whose perspective? What to include? What not to include? How to make the story worth telling? How to end the story?

Tips on developing picture-based writing 1. Decide “person” and give the person a name. 2. See what is in the pictures. 3. See beyond the pictures and make logical inferences. 4. Choose one picture as focus. 5. Combine all the sentences. 6. Use proper transitions and tense. 7. Conclude with a lesson, moral, comment.

1. Decide “person” and give the person a name The boy? The mother? The man? The bag? 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd person?

Examples 1. It all started when an obese man waddled into our simple deli and ordered a large bowl of noodles. He seemed so peculiar that I had a hard time concentrating on my homework. (the boy, 1 st person) 2. It was late in the evening, and Jack was writing his homework at the counter of a small noodle stand owned by his mother. Then, a middle-aged man ……(the boy, 3 rd person)

3. I am a reasonably wealthy lawyer, happily married and about to celebrate my 30 th anniversary. (the man, 1 st person) 4. I am a normal bag, belonging to an ordinary man. (the bag, 1 st person) 5. Mrs. Wang, who has a little boy named Andy, owns a noodle shop next to Hsin-Chu Train Station. (the woman, 3 rd person)

2. See what is in the pictures Purpose: 1. To get focused 2. To help write from scratch 3. To help make inferences Limitations: 1. Not enough for a complete story 2. Lacking in smoothness

Examples 1. Having a large fleshy nose, thick lips and a mole near his left brow, …… 2. Only then did I notice a duffel bag on the stool next to me. 3. When I reached the ticket booth, I spotted him looking frantic with large beads of sweat on his forehead; ……

3. See beyond the pictures and make logical inferences Purposes: 1. To provide more background info 2. To consolidate and enrich the story 3. To make the story convincing Inference types: 1. Backward inference 2. Forward inference A step where students demonstrate their imagination and creativity.

Examples 1. He wolfed down his meal in a matter of seconds and left in a hurry, a man not to waste time. 2. I exchanged a glance with my mother and without further ado set off after him, toward the train station.

More Examples 1. Mrs. Cullen was a single mother. She supported the family all by herself and made a living by running a restaurant. 2. So surprised was he that he stood there motionless without saying a single word for a few minutes. 3. ……she stood there staring at the money with her mind breeding all kinds of evil plans, planning secretly to fulfill the dreams she never had a chance to realize.

More Examples 4. He is middle-aged, single, and plain, just like any other passerby you can see on the street. The only difference is that he had won his fortune from Las Vegas and decided to spend his life enjoying it. While he was heading home, it occurred to him that he should say goodbye to his poor life with a cheap meal, which only financially-disadvantaged people would eat……

4. Choose one picture as focus 1. Not every picture enjoys equal importance. 2. The focused picture contains a twist or turn of events or a climax of the story.

5. Combine all the sentences 6. Use proper transitions and tense • • • sentences paragraphs a story Transitions: to make smooth the flow of ideas Tense: past tense always

7. Conclude with a lesson, moral, or comment 1. This is what makes telling the story purposeful. 2. To wrap up the whole story

Example

What is seen? (1)Mike met a girl on the Internet. (2)He asked the girl out for a date, and the girl said yes. What is inferred? (1)Mike was a computer geek. (2)Mike had always wanted to have a girl friend but never found one.

What is seen? • They had lunch at a restaurant. • Mike had terrible table manners. He ate like a horse. What is inferred? • Mike made noise when eating and he spoke with his mouth full. • She felt disappointed and embarrassed. • She decided to give Mike a second chance.

What is seen? • They went to a movie. • Mike was talking on his cell phone, which made people around them very angry. • The girl was not happy at this. What is inferred? • It was a romance movie that they saw. • The girl couldn’t tolerate this any more, so she left.

What is seen? (1)Mike wanted to have another date with her. (2)She refused. (3)Mike was very sad. What is inferred? (1)Mike didn’t know what wrong he had done. (2)Mike would never figure out why girls always turn him down after one date. (3)She never trusted men she met on-line so easily.

Mike met a girl on the net, whose name was Miranda. One day, he asked her out for a date, and Miranda said yes. They went to a fancy restaurant for lunch. During lunch, Mike ate like a horse, and spit fish bones all over the table. Miranda was not happy to see Mike’s terrible table manners. After lunch, they went to see a movie. In the middle of the movie, Mike’s phone rang and he talked to his friend on the phone for a long time. He talked and laughed loudly, which annoyed not only Miranda but also the other people in theater. The following day, Mike met Miranda again on-line. He asked for another date, but Miranda said no. Being turned down, Mike was very sad. (129 words)

Revised version Mike met a girl on the net, whose name was Miranda. They had chatted on line every day for three months. Mike really likes this girl. He had always wanted to find his Miss Right, but never succeeded. In fact, he had been turned down by ten girls whom he met online. Every time he had the first date with a girl, there would never be a second date. Mike could never make out the reason. This time, Mike thought to himself, would be different. “Miranda is really special. Maybe she is the one. ” So, Mike boosted courage and asked Miranda out for a date. Much to his happiness, Miranda said yes!

On the day they met, they had lunch at a fancy restaurant. The atmosphere was relaxed and cozy, the kind of restaurant Miranda expected for her first date. Everything was just great until she saw how Mike ate. He ate like a horse, as if he hadn’t been eating for decades. Worse, he made loud noises when eating, and he liked to talk with his mouth full. He even spit fish bones on the table. Miranda was shocked by what she saw. Men with terrible table manners were the last kind of men she wanted to date. Disappointed and embarrassed, Miranda struggled for a while. Then she decided to give Mike a second chance. “Maybe he was just too excited and nervous, ” she thought.

After lunch, they went to a movie. It was a touching movie which moved people into tears. In the middle of the movie, Mike’s cell phone rang, and he talked to his friend and laughed loudly, which annoyed not only Miranda but everyone in theater. Miranda couldn’t tolerate this any more. Angry, disappointed and humiliated, she left theater without finishing the movie. She just couldn’t spend one more minute with such an uncivilized man as Mike. As for Mike, he was so focused on his talk on the phone that he did not Even notice that his date had gone already.

For the following days, Mike kept asking Miranda what wrong had he done, which made Miranda even more furious. Then Mike asked to have another date to make it up to her. But this time, Miranda gave him a flat refusal and told him not to bother to contact her again. At this, Mike was both heartbroken and confused. He came to this conclusion that girls are the most difficult animal to understand. Pathetic Mike! He had better learn proper etiquette before he impresses any girl on the net. Or else, he would never meet his Miss Right.

書信格式 May, 19 2012 Dear Jeremy, I am writing this letter to you to tell you something that I’ve always wanted to you for the past few months. ………. Yours sincerely, Melinda

書信格式 May, 19 2012 Dear Jeremy, I am writing this letter to you to tell you something that I’ve always wanted to you for the past few months. ………. Yours sincerely, Melinda

Example from “Daddy-Long-Legs” Dear Jeremy, Lock Willow Farm August 3 rd. I am writing this letter to you to tell you something that I’ve always. Daddy-Long-Legs, wanted to you for the past few months. ………. Dear It has been nearly two months since I wrote, which wasn’t nice of me, I know, but I haven’t loved you much this summer— you see I am honest. You can’t imagine how unhappy I was at having to give up the Mc. Brides’ camp…… Yours as ever, Judy

Why letters/mail? • • To apologize To express thankfulness To complain To explain To persuade To apply for a job And others……

THANK YOU! Questions?