What do These 3 Things Have in Common

What do These 3 Things Have in Common? ? Statue Sand Pile Grand Canyon

They have all been subjected to the process of

I. WEATHERING: THE CHANGING OF ROCK BY PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL MEANS

For weathering to occur the rocks must be exposed to: AIR (atmosphere) WATER (hydrosphere) ACTIONS OF LIVING ORGANISM

Evidence of Weathering: The end product of the weathering of rocks is SEDIMENT

A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING: The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing the chemical composition

FROST ACTION The alternate freezing and thawing of water

WATER EXPANDS WHEN IT FREEZES

Ice Wedging or Frost Action

Half Dome in Yosemite California

A Weathered Sidewalk

ABRASION The wearing away of rocks by scraping against each other

RUNNING WATER AND WIND CAN CAUSE ROCKS TO RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER AND WEAR THEM DOWN

EXFOLIATION Removal of outer layers of rock, due to uplifting from beneath

PLANT ACTION

PLANT ACTION Plant roots break thru rocks or lift buried rocks to the surface

PLANT ROOTS EXPOSES NEW SURFACES TO WEATHERING

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING: Breaks down rock by changing its chemical composition - USUALLY INVOLVES WATER

OXIDATION OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN FROM AIR COMBINES WITH MINERALS (& water) TO FORM OXIDES Ex. RUST

This washed up on a beach!!

A rusty gate……

CARBONATION OCCURS WHEN WATER CONTAINING CARBONIC ACID (H 2 CO 3) DISSOLVES MINERALS

EX. LIMESTONE CAVES

ACIDS SULFUR AND NITROGEN COMBINE WITH WATER TO MAKE RAINWATER UNNATURALLY ACIDIC Ex. ACID RAIN

What sedimentary rock is Cleopatras needle made from? Central Park CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE

• HYDRATION OCCURS WHEN MINERALS _______ SUCH AS MICA AND FELDSPAR WATER ABSORB ____ AND WEAKEN AND CLAY FORM ____

II. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF WEATHERING A. PARTICLE SIZE B. COMPOSITION OF ROCK C. CLIMATE

A. PARTICLE SIZE If you increase the surface area you will ______ the rate of weathering increase

Rate of weathering Particle Size

Rate of weathering Surface Area

LARGE PARTICLES = SLOW WEATHERING SMALL PARTICLES = FAST WEATHERING

B. COMPOSITION OF ROCK SOME ROCKS ARE MORE RESISTANT TO WEATHERING (Weather slower).

What metamorphic rock is this tombstone made from?

WATER DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE MOST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING?

DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE MOST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING?

DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE LEAST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING?

DOLOSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE SHALE WHICH ROCK IS THE LEAST RESISTANT TO WEATHERING?

CLIMATE Average temperature & precipitation What type of weathering would occur?

C. CLIMATE AFFECTS: FROST ACTION CHEMICAL WEATHERING

If: temperature = 5 precipitation = 100 Moderate physical and chemical weathering

temperature = 20 precipitation = 100 Faster rate of chemical weathering

If: temperature = -10 precipitation = 50 Faster physical weathering

CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING: PHYSICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN COLD, MOIST CLIMATES

CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING: CHEMICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN WARM, MOIST CLIMATES

IN GENERAL WHEN THERE IS MORE MOISTURE(Water) THERE IS MORE WEATHERING

What does weathering produce? (Hint more valuable than gold)

SOIL FORMATION: SOIL IS THE COMBINATION OF: ROCK PARTICLES MINERALS ORGANIC MATTER

THE END RESULT OF WEATHERING AND BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY IS:

Adding to a compost pile

SOIL FORMATION: Breakdown of rock Addition of organic material ( from decomposition ) (biological activity)

SOIL HORIZONS (LAYERS) A (TOP SOIL) rich in organic material B little organic material rich in minerals leeched from horizon A C partly weathered broken up bedrock sits on top of solid bedrock

The two types of sediment (soil) are: Transported Residual

TRANSPORTED SOILS: CARRIED FROM LOCATION OF PARENT ROCK MOST OF NEW YORK SOIL IS TRANSPORTED

SOIL ASSOCIATIONS (CHARACTERISTICS) 3 WAYS THAT SOIL CAN DIFFER IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS: 1. COMPOSITION (bedrock) 2. MOISTURE 3. ORGANIC MATERIAL

HOW CAN WE IMPROVE THE SOIL’S ABILITY TO SUSTAIN LIFE?

Terrace planting

Wind breaks like trees Planted To Stop Wind erosion

Flood Levees

Study. Jams Weathering and Erosion. movie https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=H nzizl 9 biyc&list=PLD 22 E 19432527 DB 85