WHAT ARE THOSE WORDS MEAN EMIGRANT One who

• WHAT ARE THOSE WORDS MEAN ?

EMIGRANT One who leaves his own country to reside to another.

IMMIGRANT A person who comes to one country from another to settle.

EMIGRANTS IN TURKEY

Traditionally, Turkey has been known as a country of emigration. Starting from the early 1960 s and well into the 1970 s, large numbers of Turkish nationals migrated to western European countries, particularly West Germany.

Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961. The pact coincided with a West German economic boom, and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers. The pact aimed to provide the German economy with temporary unskilled labor, "guest workers" while thinning the ranks of Turkey's unemployed.

It was expected that these workers would return to Turkey with new skills and help reorient the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry. Turkey signed similar agreements with other European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Holland, France, and Sweden. Many of these guest workers confounded expectations, however, by settling down and even bringing their families to join them. Furthermore, it was often skilled laborers who emigrated.

• TURKISH WORKERS IN GERMAN

The economic downturn in western Europe that arrived with the oil crisis of 1973 ended the recruitment of labor from Turkey. However, Europe's recession coincided with an economic boom in the Middle East, allowing Turkish workers to emigrate to countries such as Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. This emigration rarely involved entire families. The Turkish presence in Iraq (and to a lesser extent, other Arab countries) was reduced by the 1991 Gulf War. In the early 1990 s, meanwhile, Turkish companies won construction and industrial contracts in the Russian Federation and other parts of the Commonwealth of Independent States, creating

As a result of this emigration, remittances sent by Turkish immigrants and workers abroad have been a major foreign currency input for the economy since the early 1960 s. Remittances steadily increased as a percentage of Turkey's annual trade deficit, reaching a peak in 1994 of 62. 3 percent, and dropped to their lowest level in 2000 with 20. 4 percent.

IMMIGRANTS TO TURKEY

Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia.

As of 2005 total of 32832 people are recorded as having made a valid asylum application in Turkey in 1998. As of 2005, 3900 Iranians and 220 Iraqis, 400 Somalians and 3000 Afghans are till in the country, while an additioanal 14000 Chechens, who are deeemed of concern.

In 1923 more than half million ethnic Muslims of various nationalities arrived from Greece as part of the population exchange between Grece and Turkey.

After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkicspeaking Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkic minorities. More than 90 percent of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries.

The most recent immigration influx was that of Bulgarian Turks and Bosniaks. In 1989 an estimated 320, 000 Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey to escape a campaign of forced assimilation. Following the collapse of Bulgaria’s communist government that same year, the number of Bulgarian Turks seeking refuge in Turkey declined to under 1, 000 per month.

In fact, the number of Bulgarian Turks who voluntarily repatriated- 125, 000 - exceeded new arrivals. By March 1994, a total of 245, 000 Bulgarian Turks had been granted Turkish citizenship.

GRAFİK MAP

TURKISH IMIGRATION REQUIREMENTS WHAT YOU NEED TO COME TO TURKEY Depending on why you are coming to Turkey and how long you are staying, you may need a visa and other permits.

No matter where you are from or why you come to Turkey, you will need a valid passport from your country of origin. Your passport should also have at least 90 days validity remaining. Even if your passport is within 6 months of its expiration date, consider renewing it before your trip or move to Turkey. Whether or not you need a Turkish visa will depend on your country of origin and the length of and reasons for your trip. Many countries have signed Visa Exemption Agreements that allow their citizens to visit Turkey for up to 3 months without a visa. Certain nationalities that are not visa exempt may obtain visas at their point of entry into Turkey (though they will be charged a cash fee). For a list of these countries and their permitted lengths of stay, check with the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry also lists fee amounts on its website.

THE TURKISH IMMIGRATION PROCESS Make sure you are aware of all your required documentation before you leave for Turkey. If you are travelling to Turkey to live, work, or study, you will require specific permits.

A basic guide through the process is listed below: Visa – Apply for a visa at a Turkish embassy or consulate in your home country. Make sure to do this well before you leave for Turkey. It may take Turkish officials several months to process your application. If you have any questions about which visa you will need, ask the embassy officials. Fixing a mistake with Turkish immigration authorities will not be pleasant.

Work and Residence Permits – If you will be living in Turkey you need to obtain a residence permit, and if you are working, you will need a residence permit and a work permit. Apply for residence and work permits at the Turkish embassy or consulate in your home country.

Additional Information – You will probably have to provide proof that you either have or can purchase a return ticket to your country of origin. Similarly, you may be asked to show proof of a hotel reservation (if your housing has been pre-arranged by an employer, proof of that will suffice).