What are some of the greatest technological inventions

§ What are some of the greatest technological inventions from the last 50 years? § How is our society dependent on technology? § Is technology always a positive factor?

CHECK UP: WHAT IS A REVOLUTION? § A dramatic change to the status-quo. § Revolutions, historically, are violent. However, they do not have to be. § While the French Revolution gave the bourgeois (middle class) political power, the Industrial Revolution gave the bourgeois economic power. § The Industrial Revolution was a progressive (radical) change to European society due to the introduction of new inventions (technology).

MONARCHS OF GREAT BRITAIN (1750— 1837) George II 1727 -1760 George III 1760 -1820 George IV 1820 -1830 William IV 1830 -1837

§ Unlike France, Britain at the time had a Parliamentary Government in place with a Prime Minister, a House of Commons, and a House of Lords. § There were two major political parties: § the Whigs (country party) § Evolved into Liberal Party § the Tories (court party) § Evolved into Conservative Party

§ Supremacy of Parliament over Monarch § Free Trade § Abolishing Slavery (accomplished 1833) § Expansion of the Suffrage Movement

QUEEN VICTORIA (1837— 1901)

THE LARGEST EMPIRE § In 1800, most people in the world were self- governing. § By 1914, almost half of the globe had been colonized by European countries. § ¼ of Earth was colonized by the British Empire. § It was Victoria’s belief that Britain was the fittest nation on earth and was destined to survive. She intended to make sure. § This was known as social darwinism, after Charles Darwin (theory of Evolution).

Weavers bought supplies from merchants & spun them into textiles They sold their products for more than the cost of the supplies to make a profit.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND § Cottage Industry: Weavers bought supplies (wool and cotton) merchants. They spun these into textiles. They sold their products for more then costs of the supplies to make a profit. § PROFIT + LARGER INVESTMENT = HIGHER PROFIT § A higher demand for the product means a higher profit. Therefore, you supply more product. When Demand is high, supply is high, profit is high. § When demand is low, supply is low, profit is low. § Often, inventors tried to keep up with supply and demand.

§ Agricultural Boom § Population Boom § Imperial Gains § Changes in Slavery § Technological Advances

§ Britain had several natural advantages: § Large amounts of coal and iron § Navigable rivers § Natural harbours § Temperate climate § A strong, growing population § Foreign Trade § No invasions or domestic unrest

SIGNIFICANT EUROPEAN INVENTIONS Johan Guttenburg (1250) The Printing Press

SIGNIFICANT EUROPEAN INVENTIONS The Spinning Wheel (1000 BCE or thereabouts)

THE ‘FLYING SHUTTLE John Kay (1733) “ 10 times the work of a spinning wheel”

THE ‘SPINNING JENNY James Hargreave (1770) “ 1000 times the work of the spinning wheel”

THE ‘STEAM ENGINE’ James Watt (1770)

THE ‘POWER LOOM’ “ 10 000 times the work of a spinning wheel”

THE FACTORY SYSTEM § Obviously, the cottage industry could not keep up with supply and demand. § These new machines were often too big to be put into homes so they were put into factories. § Factories were located near a power source (coal, water, or forest. ) § Prices of mass produced textiles become less expensive to make and purchase than hand produced ones, thus forcing people out of work § As a result, because of supply and demand workers in the cottage industry had to leave home to find work in the factories.

§ Machines replaced human labour § Water and Steam power were harnessed. § Use of coal, iron, and steel increased rapidly. § The factory system replaced the cottage industry. § There was an increase in the production of goods.

§ People moved from rural farms to the city. § More social classes emerged. § Rise of the Bourgeoisie § Merchants, Businesses § Creation of the Urban Proletariat § Working class (factory workers)

§ Creation of Canned Food § Urbanization – less farming, buying at stores § Canning companies – food sealed in tin cans § Corned Beef was the first canned product in England

§ "Adulteration, " or adding false substances to the food they were trying to sell, was common in Industrial England. § sand would be put in the sugar. § Plaster of paris was used in the flour, to make it look white (sometimes even ground-up bones would be used). § Water was used to increase the quantity of milk. § Vitriol was put in the beer. § Food coloring (often poisonous, like lead or verdigris) would be used to make food more attractive. § Often, the real commodity was too expensive, and they needed something cheap to make it look better.

WORKING CONDITIONS IN FACTORIES

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT § Factories need energy to create steam for their engines. § Thus, factories were made near water sources and, at first, forests. Unfortunately, forests became quickly exhausted. Alternate energy sources were needed. § Coal was the next available resource. § Mining becomes a necessary industry, not only for coal, but for iron to make machines.

MINING

TRANSPORTATION § Machines are needed not only for producing products, but for transporting them, as well as the raw materials. § Thus the train became a new form of transportation. § Other forms of transportation include the use of canals.

Living Conditions

§ Development of roads & canals § Reduced costs of moving raw materials which reduced costs of finished materials § Railways cheap & fast transportation of goods § Huge amount of workers required to build & maintain railroads § Export industry – British goods were exported all over the world § Britain became most industrialized country in the world § Over ½ the population lived in cities