What are digital libraries Variety of perspectives and

What are digital libraries? Variety of perspectives and models Tefko Saracevic, Ph. D. School of Communication, Information and Library Studies Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey, U. S. A. tefko@scils. rutgers. edu http: //www. scils. rutgers. edu/~tefko © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 1

On the scene F Several different communities involved in digital libraries, each with quite different èconcepts, F Many emphasis, approach, agenda disciplines, institutions involved ènational & global interest F Large research projects - U. S. & abroad F Many libraries investing & changing - hugely F Very high significance for the future of libraries & library & information professionals © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 2

Basic problems addressed F Creating means & ways for dealing with & using human knowledge records in the new digitalized AND networked world èHow to deal with electronic “books”, journals, publications, texts, images, sounds, ? u create, organize, represent, store, interact, preserve? èWhat access & services to provide? èHow to effect use? Communities? èAND all in a networked environment? © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 3

Problems. . . F Problems are ètechnical, organizational, operational è managerial, institutional èsocial, legal, economic, cultural … F Creating a new world for libraries and for organization, access, preservation & use of human knowledge records in all formats F Digital revolution may be as far reaching as that created by Gutenberg & the printed book © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 4

What is a DIGITAL LIBRARY? F No single, all-encompassing answer F Several perspectives è from different communities - different agendas F Little communication among them F Coherent, integrating concept, approach not yet emerged F Complex problems in any approach èMany F Highly experiments; many experts & “experts” exiting & volatile area © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 5

Major (but only) perspectives F Two major conceptualizations stressing: 1. distributed objects in various forms, distributed access, representation, operability (computer science) 2. institution, collection, services, availability (libraries) F First is research perspective u focus on a range of research problems, with little or no operations; “D-lib” very broadly interpreted F Second is library operational perspective u focus on practical problems of transforming library institutions and services, with little or no research; “D-lib” very specifically interpreted © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 6

Research perspective "Digital libraries are organized collections of digital information. They combine the structuring and gathering of information, which libraries and archives have always done, with the digital representation that computers have made possible. ” Lesk, 1997 “Digital library is a managed collection of information, with associated services, where information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. ” Arms, 2000 © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 7

Library perspective “Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities. ” Digital Libraries Federation (DLF) © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 8

Computer science, engineering F Concentrating on research & development F Technology centered èdistributed & organized knowledge resources in electronic, digital formats u collect, store, organize, distribute, access, interact u diverse types of information – texts, images, sounds, multimedia in many areas ènew kind of distributed database services to manage unstructured multimedia resources F Important for infrastructure © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 9

Examples of research areas F Interoperability between heterogeneous collections F Data integration - text, video, sound; metadata F Network protocols and standards F Search engines & agents for searching, filtering, navigating, summarizing, integration F Visualization & other interactive technology èbrowsing F Scaling large volumes of texts & imagery; display R&D to large collections, applications © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 10

Libraries and information science F Concentrates è on institutions, service, practice logical extension of libraries F Content, collection centered èCreation of digital collections - variety of forms èSubscription, licensing, sharing of digital resources èOrganization, representation, storing èAccess to collections F Guided by service mission u various environments, user communities u various degrees of integration - hybrid libraries © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 11

Examples of operational projects F Large number in the U. S. - various institutions - e. g. : èNational u Digital Library of the Library of Congress “provide the widest possible access to knowledge & information for educating a free society. ” F Numerous projects in Europe - e. g. : èLibrary Working Group in Britain; publishers projects with National Libraries; Delos Working Group (Espirit); èERCIM consortium of institutions F All have web pages & many links to projects © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 12

Digital libraries & organizations F Variety of organizations built digital libraries èscientific & technical societies èvarious fields, academic units èprojects - institutions, consortia ègovernment agencies, international organizations F Concentrate on applications & access èAvailability of collections in different fields èNew forms of publishing, housing & distribution èGenerally aimed at services to their communities or perceived needs © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 13

Digital libraries & business F Offering various kinds of digital libraries, collections, services, information resources èconcentrating on markets, opportunities, niches èlibrary and non-library markets F Publishers & digital publications - BIG business ètraditional publishers changing & new emerging èproviding libraries with different arrangements u electronic licenses, subscription, storage, services u relations between libraries & publishers drastically changing èmix of new technology & new economics © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 14

Advantages: Why digital libraries? F Access: brings library to users èalways available; better and wider delivery èmany libraries now possible to use F Sharing: information resources; linking F Timeliness: easier to keep current F Searching, browsing: use of computer power F Information resources: new forms possible F Services: new & new forms possible F Costs: may save effort, money? ? © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 15

Problems for libraries F Integration between print and digital èmixing new digital technology with print, local with global; managing diverse resources - all difficult èeconomic trade-off decisions; new economic relations F Competition for scarce resources sharpening F Institutional, cultural & social adjustments not easy F Bridging the digital divide F Resistance, threats: èguerilla warfare within and nuclear annihilation without © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 16

Economic issues F Costs not insignificant - WHO PAYS? èTwo traditions: old - users, new (“free”) - providers F Dilemma in library budgets èlicensing of digital publications vs. subscriptions F Publishers’ economics for digital publications èapproaches vary, not settled, even scared èeven: who is a publisher? - lines blurring F Economics èroom of digital libraries still up in the air for research & experimentation © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 17

Social issues F Legal issues: copyright protection, security F Individual: privacy protection; rights; obligations èrole in information exchanges, work, needs; life. . . F Organizations: integration; changing structure F Traditional libraries: disappearing? changing? F Education: impact on all levels; integration F Computing & society: disparity between information rich & poor; digital divide; equity © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 18

General opportunities F Building digital collections of national importance from existing texts, documents, images èhistorical, educational, strategic, legislative … F Creating new digital documents & linking them F Cataloging Internet resources in own domain F Selecting digital resources from wherever & creating & maintaining linkages F Developing/adapting search engines & other management tools for digital collections © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 19

General opportunities … continued F Providing access to digital collections F Integrating digital & other library collections èincl. integration of OPACs & library management tools F Establishing services for digital libraries èonline access & offline support èeducation & training of users, and librarians F Addressing social, legal, policy issues F Cooperative national & international ventures F Making libraries more central to needs & users © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 20

Conclusions “War is too important a matter to be left to the generals. ” Georges Clemenceau F Digital libraries are too important to be left to any one discipline, any one agency F Why? Work on digital libraries is defining the future of handling of human knowledge records F Caught a lot of interest globally & politically F They are also redefining the role of libraries in society & the role of librarians & inf. specialists © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 21

Conclusions … continued F Digital libraries provide challenge & opportunity for cooperative & interdisciplinary ventures F Provide a GREAT opportunity for many institutions to participate in many ways èhave room for smaller institutions & projects F Digital libraries will NOT replace libraries F But no matter what: libraries and information agencies cannot escape digital libraries, must change èso might as well actively join the movement © Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University 22