What are computers Computers are machines that perform

What are computers • • Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions, or programs. . Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch, including the case and everything inside it. The most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer called the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It's the "brain" of your computer—the part that translates instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other components are often called hardware devices, or devices.

• Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. .

OS - operating system • • • The operating system is the most important program that runs on acomputer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. OS perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Types of computers � Desktop computers are designed for use at a desk or table. They are typically larger and more powerful than other types of personal computers. Desktop computers are made up of separate components. The main component, called the system unit, is usually a rectangular case that sits on Other components, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect to the system unit.

� � Laptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. Laptops can operate on batteries, so you can take them anywhere. Unlike desktops, laptops combine the CPU, screen, and keyboard in a single case. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use. Netbooks (also referred to as mini notebooks), are small, affordable laptops that are designed to perform a limited number of tasks. They're usually less powerful than laptops, so they're used mainly to browse the web and check e‑mail.

� Smartphones are mobile phones that have some of the same capabilities as a computer. You can use a smartphone to make telephone calls, access the Internet, organize contact information, send e‑mail and text messages, play games, and take pictures. Smartphones usually have a keyboard and a large screen.

� Tablet PCs are mobile PCs that combine features of laptops and handheld computers. Like laptops, they're powerful and have a builtin screen. Like handheld computers, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures on the screen, usually with a tablet pen instead of a stylus. They can also convert your handwriting into typed text. Some Tablet PCs are “convertibles” with a screen that swivels and unfolds to reveal a keyboard underneath

Parts of a computer

System unit � The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Storage � Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off. Hard disk drive � Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk—a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit. �

CD and DVD drives � Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD; many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

Mouse � A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless. And the condition of mouse are : � Holding and moving the mouse � Pointing, clicking, and dragging � Using the scroll wheel

Keyboard � A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys: � The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used. � The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly. � The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage.

Using keyboard shortcuts

Windows logo key Open the Start menu Alt+Tab Switch between open programs or windows Alt+F 4 Close the active item, or exit the active program Ctrl+S Save the current file or document (works in most programs) Ctrl+C Copy the selected item Ctrl+X Cut the selected item Ctrl+V Paste the selected item Ctrl+Z Undo an action Ctrl+A Select all items in a document or window F 1 Display Help for a program or Windows logo key +F 1 Display Windows Help and Support Esc Cancel the current task Application key Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. Equivalent to right-clicking the selection.

Monitor � A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

Memory units READ ONLY MEMORY(RAM): stores information that can only be read ROM is also a type of non-volatile storage, which means that the information is maintained even if the component loses power. a typical computer system, ROM is located on the motherboard, shown in the right of the picture. the read-only memory is located on a BIOS chip, shown on the left. The BIOS chip is normally plugged into the motherboard

Booting Up Your Computer Booting is a process or set of operations that loads and hence starts the operating system, starting from the point when user switches on the power button. BIOS-Basic Input Output System � As we have seen that at power up CPU is reset and its registers are set to the default value, which is an address pointing or directing to the hardware containing BIOS. Generally the hardware is EEPROM containing the BIOS. The tasks performed by BIOS are categorized as follows: � · POST- Power on Self Test is the foremost routine which checks and tests the basic hardware. If it fails then it displays error. � · Initialization of the hardware devices by letting them run their individual BIOS( eg. video card have their own inbuilt BIOS code). � · Searching for the Master Boot Record and reading it. � · Copying the boot sector code to RAM and then switching the control to it. �

Random Access Memory � The main memory in a computer, smartphone or tablet. RAM is the temporary workspace where instructions are executed and data are processed. What makes RAM "random access" because any storage location can be accessed directly RAM Is � DRAM or SRAM The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM is (static RAM).

hard disk definition �A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive, " "hard drive, " or "hard disk drive, " that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that contains several billion bytes (gigabytes) of storage.

How hard drives work you were to open your hard drive, which would immediately void your warranty and potentially damage it, you would see something like the image below: A hard drive consists of the following: � Magnetic platters - Platters are the round plates in the image above. Each platter holds a certain amount of information, so a drive with a lot of storage will have more platters than one with less storage. f

Arm - The arm is the piece sticking out over the platters. The arms will contain read and write heads which are used to read and store the magnetic information onto the platters. Each platter will have its own arm which is used to read and write data off of it. � Motor - The motor is used to spin the platters from 4, 500 to 15, 000 rotations per minute (RPM). The faster the RPM of a drive, the better performance you will achieve from it. �