Westward Expansion and the Market Economy Mrs Booths

Westward Expansion and the Market Economy Mrs. Booth’s APUSH

Introduction Unit 4 • The rise and impact of the market economy occurred between the end of the war of 1812 and the Civil War. It was a time of uprising for America. Some of the changes included a vast improvement in transportation, growth of factories, and important development of new technology to increase agricultural production. Americans changed from subsistence farming to market farming. In the 19 th c. , manufacturing was the most important factor because it brought about industrialization. Development of both economic and technological advances also brought about the changes to the American society.

• What do you notice about the maps on the following slide?

• Copy this question: • Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815 -1860)on the economies of the following regions: the Northeast, the Midwest, and the South.

Topics for Today: Causes of Western Expansion • Push factors v. Pull factors • Growing agricultural economy • Transportation • Strong central government

• Push factors are • Pull factors are negative aspects of positive aspects of the east that would the west that would push people to pull people to move from the east. to the west. Name 3 -4

Market Revolution • • • Market economy during this time is the economic relationship between the east and the west. Market economy in the west- cash crops to sell in local or distant markets (not subsistence) Demand for wheat, corn, cotton had increased 1. NW: wheat, corn 2. SW: cotton • Commercial agriculture forced new farmers into short-term debt by borrowing money in hopes of making profit.

Panic of 1819 • Panic of 1819 1. 2. 3. 4. • Results: 1. 2. 3. • Foreign demand of wheat, flour, & cotton decreased making prices fall. Farmers dependent on agricultural exports State banks recall loans; Farmers can’t pay debts Philadelphia unemployment 75% (avg. during Great Depression in 1930’s was 25%!) Many blamed Bank of U. S. Realized need for protection for U. S. manufacturing against cheap foreign competition Realized dependence on distant markets Significance: Leads to a search for better/cheaper ways to transport to faraway markets.

Transportation Revolution: Turnpikes and National Road • By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities. • National Road connected east with west (Maryland to western Illinois) and partially funded by federal government. First Turnpike Lancaster, PA (1790)

Transportation Revolution: Steamboat • Rivers 1. Flatboats v. steamboats 2. Turned rivers into 2 lane “highways” 3. Steamboat- Clermont introduced by Robert Fulton who had monopoly on ferry service. • • Gibbons v. Ogden- Constitution gave Congress power to regulate commerce b/t states. Marshall ruled that commerce was exchange and navigation of goods, and licenses can be given to competitors. Steamboat success turned attention toward development of canals

Robert Fulton and the Clermont

• Name RIVER 5 cities that grew as a result of the steamboat.

Canals • To connect Mississippi-Ohio River system with Great Lakes, and Great Lakes with eastern markets. • Erie Canal 1817: 1 st major canal project • Cut shipping costs (. 19 a ton per mile to. 02) • Led to a canal boom

Erie Canal System

Canals connected the east coast to the Midwest via the Great Lakes and inland rivers.

Erie Canal System

Market Economy Strengthened Ties Between the North and the West • New technology spurred production. – Interchangeable parts (who invented it? When? Significance? ) • Commercial agriculture contributed to the growth of eastern manufacturing. – Steel-tipped plow (who invented it? when? Significance? ) – Mechanical reaper (who? When? Significance? ) • The West became a market for eastern factory goods. (this is an important slide!)

Railroads • All-terrain, all-weather transportation • 1 st railroads were horsedrawn. • Faster, cheaper to build, and able to reach more places, but costly to maintain. • By 1860, 75% found in North Ø Transportation Revolution encouraged growth of cities. First with steamboats and river cities, then with canals and cities near Great Lakes. Ø What is the growth of cities called?

• Note the changes in the following maps. • What causes these changes?

• What does the following slide tell you about the relationship between the east and west? • Why do you think the south was excluded? Or did they exclude themselves?

Native Americans • U. S. Native American policy moves from assimilation to removal. • “civilizing” did not work toward fed. gov’t’s advantage (they were in the way) • President Andrew Jackson(1828) favored Indian relocation as a “moral duty. ” He believed that they could not prosper in a civilized community because they were weak and savages.

Indian Removal • Indian Removal Act 1830 1. Granted president funds and authority to remove Native Americans by force if necessary 2. Authorized president to give Native Americans land in Louisiana Territory in exchange for land taken in the east. (traded cultivated land for wild prairie land in Indiana Territory)

Removal of Indians • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831 (know details of Marshall’s decision) • Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 (know details and how it differs from Cherokee court case) • Andrew Jackson “John Marshal has made his decision; now let him enforce it. ” • Court had no power to enforce its decision. • Why wasn’t Jackson impeached?

Trail of Tears: 2, 000 -4, 000 Cherokee died

Nationalism +Westward Expansion = American Progress 1872, by John Gast MANIFEST DESTINY