WESTERN POWERS RULE SOUTHEAST ASIA WESTERN RIVALRIES FOR

WESTERN POWERS RULE SOUTHEAST ASIA

WESTERN RIVALRIES FOR PACIFIC RIM LANDS q Early 19 th century q DEIC controls 3000 mile chain of Indonesian islands q European powers begin to challenge each other for control q British establish major trading port in Singapore q French took over Indochina q Germans claimed New Guinea, Marshall Islands, and Solomon islands

AGRICULTURE q. Agriculture q. Perfect for plantation agriculture q. Focus on sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapple

DUTCH q Seized Melaka from Portuguese q Fought British & Javanese for control of Java q Discovery of oil and tin & desire for more rubber q Expands control over Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali q Ruled whole island chain of Indonesia, then called Dutch East Indies

DUTCH q. Large Dutch population on island for management & trade q. Create rigid social class system q. Dutch workers Wealthy & educated Indonesians Plantation

BRITISH q Need to compete with Dutch q. Ideal location- large, sheltered harbor on Singapore q. Suez Canal & increased demand for tin and rubber make Singapore one of the world’s busiest ports

BRITISH q. Gain colonies q. Malaysia- large deposits of tin & rubber q. Burma- teak and oil q. Encourage Chinese worker to immigrate to Malaysia causing Malays to become minority q. Conflict between resident Chinese & native Malays remain unresolved today

FRENCH q Active in SE Asia since turn of century q. Helped Nguyen dynast rise to power in Vietnam q. Emperor Napoleon III invaded southern Vietnam q 1840’s anti-Christian emperor q 7 French missionaries killed & military intervention demanded q. Adds Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam q. Becomes known as French Indochina

FRENCH q French Control q. Try to impose French culture q. Direct colonial management filling all important government positions with French q. Does not encourage local industry q. Rice becomes major export crop q 4 x as much land was devoted to rice production q. Peasants’ consumption of rice decreased due to rice being shipped out of region q. Anger sets stage for Vietnamese resistance

COLONIAL IMPACT q Mixed results q. Economies grew based on cash crops and goods such as tin and rubber q. Roads, harbors, and rail systems linked areas and improved communication and transportation q. More benefit for Europeans q. Education, health, and sanitation improved q. Millions migrated from other Asian areas to work on plantations and mines q. Changed cultural and racial makeup of areas q. Melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists q. Led to racial & religious clashes still seen today

SIAM MAINTAINS INDEPENDENCE q. King Mongkut q. Modernized Siam (present day Thailand) q. Lay between British-controlled Burma and French Indochina q. Siamese kings skillfully promoted Siam and neutral zone between 2 powers q. Started schools, reformed legal systems, reorganized the government q. Built railroads & telegraph systems q. Ended slavery q. Siamese escaped social turmoil, racist treatment, and economic exploitation of colonization

U. S. ACQUIRES PACIFIC ISLANS q Acquires Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam from Spanish-American War in 1898 q. Filipino nationalist begin fighting US q. Declared independence & established Philippine Republic q. US begins struggle with Filipino nationalists & defeats them in 1902 q. US promises self rule q. Built roads, railroads, school systems, and hospitals q. US businesses exploit Philippines q. Encourage cash crops such as sugar over basic food crops

HAWAII q US interest in Hawaii begins in 1790 s q. Port on way to SE Asia q. Sugar trade begins in 1820 s q. Establish sugar-cane plantations, importing laborers from China, Japan, & Portugal q. Account for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth by 1850 s q. American sugar planters gaining great political power in Hawaii

HAWAII q Mc. Kinley Tariff Act sets off crisis q. Eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the US q. Sugar from Hawaii no longer cheapest in US q. Cut into profits q. US leaders push for annexation q. Would allow Hawaiian sugar to be sold for greater profits q. American producers got an extra 2 cents a pound from US govt

HAWAII q Queen Liliuokalani q. Hawaii’s only queen and last monarch of Hawaii q. Called for new constitution that would increase her power and restore political power of Hawaiians at expense of wealthy planters q. American businessmen hatch plot to overthrow Hawaiian monarchy q. Queen Liliuokalani removed from power in 1893

HAWAII q Sanford B. Dole q. Wealthy plantation owner q. Named president of the new Republic of Hawaii in 1894 q. Asked US to annex Hawaii but he was refused q. Annexed 5 years later in 1898