West Virginia and Virginia are sandwiched by Ohio
West Virginia and Virginia are “sandwiched” by Ohio and North Carolina! --We don’t have a dog in the fight!--
The third and fourth children of Bishop and Mrs. Wright Bishop Milton Wright 1828 -1917 Susan Koerner Wright 1831 -1889 (1867 -1912) Reuchlin Wright 1861 -1920 Lorin Wright 1862 -1939 Katharine Wright 1874 -1929 (1871 -1948)
• 1883 Moved to Dayton • 1892 Bicycle Shop • 1896 Events • 1899 Wing warping Getting Serious! Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (1900 -1905)
Otto Lilienthal’s Gliders - Photography and the Press discovered aeronautics - More than 2000 flights, using c. g. flight control Number 11 Number 16 Number 13 Lilienthal died from his glider crash injuries on August 10, 1896
Wilbur and Orville Wright--more than lucky bicycle mechanics Though neither graduated from high school, Wilbur completed a course in trigonometry Printing business 1881 -1892 Bicycle business 1892 -1916 1881 Rover (U. K. ) Invention of the Safety Bicycle • 10 -million sold in US in 1890 s • Technology marvel • Stability and Control testbed • Wrights design and build bicycles--starting in 1896 • Business is good!
1896—A Pivotal Year Samuel P. Langley’s steam-powered aerodrome Aerodrome No. 5 Weight: 26 lbs. Wingspan: 4 m Cambered wings Flew May 6, 1896 80 -90 s, 2300 -3300 ft. Lilienthal’s fatal crash in August Orville’s 6 wk. battle with typhoid fever—Wilbur was care giver.
Wilbur’s Idea of Wing Warping and their quest for flight. 1906 Patent Sketch of Wing. Warping Control Concept of 1899 Octave Chanute World aviation authority, became Wrights’ mentor in 1900. (Eclipsed by 1902)
Learning to Fly led to Systems Engineering System Engineering Approach n Structures (Pratt Truss) n Integrate Controls with Airframe n Aerodynamics (Wind Tunnel Testing) n Propulsion (“Lightweight engine”) n Efficient Propellers (Breakthrough!) Build it and Fly it (Glider Systems 1 st)
1900 Glider • Demonstrated Wing Warping • Smaller than “design” 18’ 16’ • Unexpected angles of attack • Few piloted flights • Lower drag than expected All they had to do was go back to Dayton and build a bigger glider for the summer of 1901!
About the color picture. . . The Wright Experience Wright Engine Components-Warrenton Restoration Facility Ken Hyde and the Wright Experience Team Direct Dimensions, Inc. National Park Service
1903 Machine Flight Test Program 1903 Flyer in construction Wind Tunnel Tests • ‘ 03, ‘ 04 and ‘bent end’ Wright Propellers • Model B airfoil sections • ‘ 01 and ‘ 02 Wright gliders Dynamometer Tests • 1903 Wright Flyer Horizontal four • Production Wright Vertical four Wright Flying Machine Reproductions • Wright Model B (3) • 1899 Kite • 1900, 1901, 1902 Gliders • 1903 Wright Flyer (2) Other Wright Reproductions • Bicycles • Wind Tunnels • ‘ 03, ‘ 04 and ‘bent end’ propellers
Testing 1901 Wright Glider Reproduction in LFST in 2001
1902 Glider validated Wright Aeronautical Theories • Airfoil behavior consistent with wind tunnel data • Three axis flight control (with hinged rudder) • L/D consistent with predictions
Reproducing a Wright Propeller The Wright Experience Larry Parks BAE Systems Wright Brothers’ Documentation & Photographs Find a Propeller n n n Digitize It Correct for Aging Create Templates Duplicate Everything! Expensive
An Exquisite Balance of Systems § On December 17, 1903, the 4 th flight covered 852 ft. in 59 seconds and sustained equilibrium flying conditions. The actual aircraft performance can therefore be reliably analyzed on the basis of Thrust=Drag, and Lift=Weight, using original data--and an exact Lift reproduction of the ‘ 03 Flyer. § Thrust Drag § § § See Weight and Drag § Feb. 2003 ODU full-scale tests 2000 AIAA fullscale wind tunnel tests Supported by previous subscale data § Weight § Reliable historical data Engine data from historical sources Propeller data from recent full-scale ODU/Wright Experience wind tunnel tests
Engine – historical data Aerodynamics – Ames 40 80 Assembling the Data Aerodynamics – LFST Weights, dimensions and environment – historical data Propeller – ODU LFST
Aerodynamics – LFST 2002 § A Wright Experience 1903 airframe was tested in the Langley Full-Scale Tunnel, power-off and power on. Cruise conditions were fully simulated.
Preliminary Results Measured: • All 6 force/moments • & • Canard deflections • Wing warp angles • Some Flow Viz. • Stick forces Test Conditions: • Up to 1. 2 q cruise • -2 o < AOA < 16 o • Up to 25 o Sideslip • Prop. Speeds to 380 RPM • Full Control Deflections 30 hrs of tests; 6 hrs powered • Flight Performance: Marginal • Sufficient Power for Flight -More than 12 HP in flight • Airframe is airworthy • “Sufficient” Control Authority • Strongly Non-linear Aero. Critical Need for High-fidelity Flight Simulation
The Wrights did not consider the brief hop on Dec. 14 th to be a true flight since the take-off run was downhill. First flight, 10: 35 AM, December 17, 1903
12 Pages In Two Parts VOL. XIX. NO. 68 COPY Virginian-Pilot NORFOLK, VA FRIDAY DECEMBER 18, 1903 True to the Democratic Party IN VICTORY OR DEFEAT TWELVE PAGES THREE CENTS PER FLYING MACHINE SOARS 3 MILES IN TEETH OF HIGH WIND OVER SAND HILLS AND WAVES AT KITTY HAWK ON CAROLINA COAST NO BALLOON ATTACHED TO AID IT Three Years of Hard, Secret Work by Ohio Brothers Crowned with Success ACCOMPLISHED WHAT LANGLEY FAILED AT With Man as Passenger Huge Machine Flew Like Bird Under Perfect Control BOX KITE PRINCIPLE WITH TWO PROPELLERS The problem of aerial navigation without the use of a balloon has been solved at last. Over the sand hills of the North Carolina coast yesterday
Looking Ahead to Dec. 17, 2003 § On December 17 th, 2003, the Wright Brothers flights will be recreated on the exact site of the originals, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina § The airframe is probably the most faithful reproduction yet attempted § Constructed by the Wright Experience, Warrenton, VA § Tens of thousands of spectators are expected § But will it fly ………? ? Ken Hyde Kevin Kochersberger Chris Johnson Terry Queijo (Scott Crossfield)
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