Welcome to the Museum of Native Americans Roles

Welcome to the Museum of Native American’s Roles WWII Code Breakers Enigma Code Talker History WW II Code talkers/breakers Essential Questions Museum Entrance Curator’s Offices

Group 6 Curator’s Office Our groups message is how the code talkers and code breakers were essential in helping the Allied forces defeat the Axis powers. Our focus in the museum is code talker history, Native Americans and their roles, the enigma code and code breakers during WWII. Our museum answers the essential questions by breaking up each question and answering Contact me at group. 6@gmail. com those in each of our group’s categories. We decided to Return to memorialize Philip Johnston the Entry person who thought of using the Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Navajo language as awascode. Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

Code Talker History Room 1 Return to Entry

Native American’s Roles Room 2 Return to Entry

Enigma Code Room 3 Return to Entry

WWII Code Breakers and Stories Room 4 Return to Entry

America’s Actions and Inactions Room 5 Return to Entry

Who were the Code Talkers? The code talkers were a group of Navajo Native Americans. They used their native language to send information back and forth from the front lines back to base without the fear of the enemy decrypting it. Their code was never broken and their contribution helped the U. S. defeat Japan. Originally there were on 29 Navajo code talkers by the end of the war there was over 400. They have been recognized for their efforts in WW II and have received the original 29 have received the Congressional Gold Medal and those who came after the original got received the Congressional Silver Medal. https: //www. archives. gov/publications/prologue/200 1/winter/navajo-code-talkers. html Return to Exhibit

Native American Tribes used as code talkers There were a lot of Native American tribes used as code talkers. Although the Navajo were the most famous these tribes also made a contribution in helping the U. S. The tribes include Assiniboine, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chippewa/Oneida, Choctaw, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Hopi, Kiowa, Menominee, Meskwaki, Mississauga, Muscogee, Navajo, Osage, Pawnee, Sac and Fox, Seminole, and Sioux. All of these tribes served as code takers in either WWI or WWII. http: //blog. nativepartnership. org/americanindian-veterans-code-talkers/goes Return to Exhibit

Which Military branch did Code Talkers serve in? Although over the years in WWI and WWII the code talkers served in every military branch but during WWII Navajo code talkers served in the Marine Corps. To be a code talker the Navajo people had to be fluent in both their language and their native language but also had to be physically ready. Another requirement was that they had to go to a special training school before they were allowed to serve in the Marine corps http: //www. nmai. si. edu/education /codetalkers/html/chapter 4. html Return to Exhibit

Why were code talkers used? During WWII it was important that messages were delivered and received as soon as possible and that it was even more important that these messages were encrypted so that the enemy doesn’t know about these plans. So the U. S. Marine Corps used a Native American language of the Navajo people to create a code. They specifically used Navajo because of its complexity and because of the fact that after WWI Germany and Japan sent students to study other Native American languages so since they already knew those languages they wouldn’t have a hard time decrypting those codes. But through the end of WWII none of the enemy countries cracked the code. https: //www. cia. gov/news-information/featuredstory-archive/2008 -featured-story-archive/navajocode-talkers/ Return to Exhibit

How have Native American code talkers been recognized since WW 2? At first they were not recognized even with the sacrifices they made and with what they do to help win the war. First with the early recognition many code talkers got medals, purple hearts, silver stars, and many more medals but special recognition wouldn't come for another 40 years. The reason that code talkers weren't recognized was because it was a classified program and they had to keep there war time jobs a secret from everyone (even there families). Although in 1968 the program was declassified and they got more recognition such as they got gold medals (for the Navajos who developed the code) and silver medals (for the Navajos that served later in the program). http: //nmai. si. edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter 7. html The Congressional gold and silver medal in 2001. Return to Exhibit

What were some of the characteristics of Navajo code talkers? At first many native code talkers used there regular tribe language like “ get more ammo” would just be translated into there language and sent over the radio( this language soon became type two codes). Not only did they use type two codes but then Navajos, Comanches, Hopis, and Meskwak's made a type One code. The type one code was when they made a Navajo word for each letter of the English alphabet. Since they had to remember all the words they used words that were familiar to them, such as animals. Although they didn't just make code words for that, they also made words for military supplies like planes, weapons, etc. The Navajo talkers were very special especially to the U. S during the because they had there own language no one else would be http: //www. nmai. si. edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter 4. html able to understand. Letter C D E I O R V Navajo word English word MOASI Cat LHA-CHA-EH DOG DZEH Elk TKIN Ice NE-AHS-JA Owl GAH Rabbit A-KEH-DI-GLINI Victor (This is an example of some of the words they translated and used) Linked citation goes here to Exhibit

What are the boarding schools? The boarding schools are schools where many Indian children were forced to government or church operated schools. In these schools the children were not allowed to speak there language. The Indians could only speak English and if they spoke there own language then they would get punished (which was ironic because later during there war they ended up using there language). Although when they were at school the school's would get rid of all there regular native American ways. The school's forced children to cut there hair, give up there traditional clothing, and changed there names to English names. Besides the change of there life style during school the students would learn math, science, and other academic subjects. They also learned cooking, carpentry, printing, and practical skills like agriculture. When at school they would have to follow very disciplined and strict rules and no one was to break them. The http: //www. nmai. si. edu/education/codetalkers/html/chap reason there schools did this was to run it like ter 3. html the military organizations so hat it was easier to adapt to military life. j School in Pennsylvania. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

How did they heal after the war? American Indian beliefs say that the war effects the soldiers well beings and makes it hard for them in there everyday world. Participating in war interferes with being home, to them it upsets the balance of life. When they come home to a place where they have a special connection with the place there living, they have a family, land, a community, and a special culture. Because there life is “unbalanced” in order to put it back into place. . they have special ceremonies. When they have these ceremonies it makes it possible for the soldiers to live in peace and to be mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually healthy. These ceremonies are part of the traditional http: //www. nmai. si. edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter 5. html religions of American Indians. Even today the Indians do these ceremonies that helped the soldiers. Linked citation goes here Return to Exhibit

What was the Enigma Code? The Enigma Code was a code used by the Germans in WWII through an Enigma Machine. This machine was invented by a German named Arthur Scherbius after WWI. The machine worked when the operator pressed on a key, a different letter would show up. Rotors in the machine rotated to use different letters every time a key was pressed. This mechanism made the code very hard to break. This code would later be used by the British Codebreakers in WWII to show German Signals. In other words, Enigma Code meant a secret German Message. https: //www. bletchleypark. org. uk/our-story/thechallenge/enigma http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/topics/enigma http: //primaryfacts. com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Enigma-Machine. jpg Return to Exhibit. Roo m 3

How was the Enigma Code broken? The Enigma Code was broken through a process from: 1. Interception 2. Decryption 3. Analysis 4. Dissemination Interception consisted of many wireless stations across Britain (Bletchley Park), with operators tracking the enemy’s messages. They were then sent to be encrypted with the messages being separated by German forces such as “Naval”, “Air”, and “Army”. Codes were sent to the “Colossus” machine to be deciphered later in the war. After this process codes were to be analyzed of acronyms, word choice, and other details for further understanding. Big messages and secrets were made into https: //www. bletchleypark. org. uk/our-story/thepath-of-a-message https: //medium. com/war-isboring/the-open-source-spies-of-world-war-ii 7943 bd 5 b 663 c Return to Exhibit

Enigma Code Breaker: Alan Turing was born in London, 1912 and grew up to become a great Mathematician and worked at the “British Government Code and Cypher school”. After the war started, he took a role at Bletchley park in 1939. He had invented many things to assist in deciphering The Enigma Code such as the “Bombe” machine use for the German Air Force signals and the “Banburismus” technique used for the Naval Enigma Codes. Turing had made many advancements in Computer Science, incorporating his ideas and techniques from Bletchley Park. He is also known as the father of “Computer Science” http: //www. iwm. org. uk/history/h ow-alan-turing-cracked-theenigma-code Return to Exhibit

When did the “world” learn about Enigma Code? The Breakers or Codenamed Ultra had made a ultimate discovery in 1941 which had made the world learn about Enigma Code. All of the secret messages intercepted had been connected. They had found that the German Military had been growing prior to the Greece invasion. Many workers at Bletchley Park had alarmed an Mediterranean Fleet of the Italian’s naval messages to defeat them in the Battle of Matapan. Cryptanalysts had also broken Marshall Romel’s Panzer communication codes used in Rome and Berlin. This gave an advantage to the Allies in the U. S and beyond. http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/enigma_ 01. shtml http: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article 2130665/Duke-Edinburgh-gives-account-role-1941 naval-Battle-Cape-Matapan-sunk-Italian-cruisers. html Return to Exhibit

What they used!! This is a cipher machine that the code talkers used to communicate fellow soldiers that were on the battlefield to warn them of enemy war ships or planes. ttp: //ciphermachines. com/Gallery/ind ex. php/navajo/01 Return to Exhibit

Soldiers behind the Coding These young men are the Choctaw soldiers who were being trained for the Code Talkers operation. Other groups involved were the Assiniboine code talkers, Basque code talkers Cherokee code talkers, Choctaw code talkers Comanche code talkers, Meskwaki code talkers, Navajo code talkers, Nubian code talkers, Seminole code talkers, Welsh code talkers, Wenzhou code talkers https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Code_talk er Return to Exhibit

Dilemmas and Codes Some dilemmas that these Code Talkers had were if they didn’t get the code out for the soldiers on the field quick enough, it could be bad. Also, it had to all be encrypted or else the enemy could decode it. https: //www. cia. gov/news-information/featuredstory-archive/2008 -featured-story-archive/navajocode-talkers/ Return to Exhibit

Code Breakers These women were using the first electrical computers. They used these computers to break the codes that would come from Germany. The first code they attacked was one from Hitler and his generals during WW 2. http: //www. telegraph. co. uk/history/world-wartwo/10617974/WW 2 -codebreakers-the-finalsecret. html Return to Exhibit

America’s Actions In 1942 America decided to make a new code that the enemy couldn’t decrypt they chose the Navajo language as their code. If they hadn’t done this than they may not have found a code that would help them end information without the worry of enemy decrypting the code https: //www. history. navy. mil/research/library/onlinereading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers. html Return to Exhibit

America’s Inactions One of the biggest mistake America made regarding code talkers in WWII was not to use them earlier. By 1942 the Allied powers were losing soldiers and fleets mostly because they hadn’t found a code that was secure enough to use. If they had started using the code early on they could’ve sent tactical information quicker and safer. http: //www. historynet. com/world-war-ii-navajocode-talkers. htm Return to Exhibit

How did WWII Impact Society? It allowed America to create a new code that would remain unbroken. This gave America a new code that they could use in the future and not worry about the enemy decrypting it. The code talkers helped America win the war in the Pacific against Japan. https: //www. mnn. com/lifestyle/artsculture/stories/how-the-navajo-code-talkershelped-win-world-war-ii Return to Exhibit

How did WWII transform society? The code talkers had to memorize the code so it would help them in the heat of the battle. Also Chester Nez one of the original 29 Navajo code talkers said that when he went to a boarding school they would try to beat the Navajo culture out of him but the experience and his culture the government couldn't erase which toughened him. This shows how what you once thought was not proper could help you win one of the most important wars in history. This is an great example of that. https: //www. mnn. com/lifestyle/artsculture/stories/how-the-navajo-code-talkershelped-win-world-war-ii Return to Exhibit

How important were Code talkers during WWII Code talkers were very crucial in helping the U. S. win the war against Japan. It is said that battles such as Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Peleliu would have a different outcome if the Navajo code talkers weren’t there. https: //sites. google. com/site/thnavajocodetalke rs/social-studies Return to Exhibit

Carl Gorman was one of the 400 code talkers. He was 90 years old when he died which means he was the eldest. He was also an artist that did a lot of Native American pieces. He did a lot of difficult codes. http: //lapinturaespoesia. blogspot. com/2 015/03/rudolph-carl-gorman-26 -julio 1931 -3. html Return to Exhibit

Philip Johnston was the person who decided to use the Navajo language as a code in World War II. He grew up on a Navajo reservation and became familiar with the language so he initiated the Marine Corp to enlist bilingual physically fit Navajo people. We decided to memorialize this man because if he hadn’t came up with the idea the U. S. may not have found it as easy to defeat Japan than with the code talkers. https: //www. archives. gov/publications/prologue/20 01/winter/navajo-code-talkers. html Return to Entrance

Bletchley park In Bletchley park, the decoders would decode the encrypted messages from Germany. “By the end of the war, 63 million characters of high-grade German communications had been decrypted by 550 people helped by the ten Colossus computers. ” http: //www. tnmoc. org/explore/colossusgallery? gclid=CLTvv_Szq. NQCFQo. Ga. Qod. WO QE 2 A Return to Entrance