Welcome to Geology Geology Vocabulary 1 Geology 2

Welcome to Geology

Geology Vocabulary 1. Geology 2. Crust 3. Mantle 4. Core (outer/inner) 5. Continental crust 6. Oceanic crust 7. Tectonic plates 8. Lithosphere 9. Asthenosphere 10. Convection currents 11. Pangaea 12. Continental Drift 13. Earthquake 14. Tsunami 15. Volcano 16. Continental Boundaries 17. Rift 18. Faults 19. Weathering 20. Fossils 21. Paleontologist 22. Evolution 23. Trilobites

Geology What is geology? The science that deals with the earth's: • physical structure and substance • its history • and the processes that act on it. • What is a geologist? • Why is it important to study our planet Earth?

Layers of the Earth • How many layers are there? • Can you stand on all of the layers? • What layer are we standing on right now?

A B C D Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Name the Earth’s Layers

Layers of the earth

Layers of the Earth • What Is the temperature of the layers? A. Crust? • 200 -400 degrees celsius (392 – 752 deg. F) B. Mantle? • 300 deg. celsius (572 – 932 deg. F) to 4500 degrees celsius (8, 132 deg. F) C. Core? • 4400 degrees celsius (7, 952 deg. F) to 5505 degrees celsius (9941 deg F) D. What are the layers made up of? • iron and nickel

What is the Lithosphere? • The crust and part of the upper mantle = • Lithosphere • 100 km thick • Less dense than the material below it so it “floats”

What is the Asthenoshere? • The plastic layer below the lithosphere = • asthenosphere • The plates of the lithosphere float on the asthenosphere

Pangaea A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, forming approximately 300 million years ago. It began to break apart around 100 million years after it formed.

Pangaea - Theory of Continental Drift • The theory that over time, the continents are drifting. • In 1912 Alfred Wegener hypothesized that at one point in time all the continents were part of one super continent called Pangaea • Is there evidence to show proof of this? • Yes, the evidence came from the shape of the land, fossils, landforms, and the ancient ice age

How did it come from all of this? • South America and Africa's shape would line up perfectly • Matching animal and plant fossils have been found on different sides of the ocean • Plus landforms like mountains and rock formations match on different continents • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player _embedded&v=pw. B 9 F 8 Nl 6 z. M&x-ytts=1421782837&x-yt-cl=84359240

Pangaea http: //www. bbc. co. uk/science/earth_timeline/pangaea#p 00 fztwb (1: 20)

Pangaea • What is pangea? • Pangaea is theory of continental drift • At one point in time all the continents were part of one super continent called Pangaea • Is there evidence to show proof of this? • Yes, the evidence came from the shape of the land, fossils, landforms, and the ancient ice age. • How did it come from all of this? • South America and Africa's shape would line up perfectly • Also, matching animal and plant fossils have been found on different sides of the ocean • Plus landforms like mountains and rock formations match on different continents • What is the Theory of Continental Drift: • The theory that over time, the continents are drifting.

What is Plate Tectonics • The Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates • Plates move around on top of the mantle like rafts

Plate Tectonics for Kids (5: 10) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tc. Pghqnn. TVk Plate Tectonics - A Documentary (7: 39) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 -Hw. PR_4 m. P 4

Tectonic Plates • • • Make the world move They cause geological processes and hazards? Earthquakes, volcanoes and Mountain ranges too But that's not all……. there are three different boundaries and so much to learn about them.

Major Tectonic Plates of the World http: //thebritishgeographer. weebly. com/plate-tectonic-theory. html

2 Types of Plates • • Ocean plates – plates below the oceans Continental plates – plates below the continents

Tectonic Plates Boundaries Tectonic Plate Boundaries (1: 10) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. XDYo. Cqw. Sb. M

Convergent Boundary • This is where the plates crash and crunch together • Three types of convergent boundaries: 1. Continental to continental 2. Oceanic to oceanic 3. Continental to oceanic • When the oceanic and continental collide, the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate • And creates a trench • The rock breaks and creates an earthquake or tsunami.

Convergent Boundary • As the oceanic plate pushes into the continental plate • The rocks get pushed into the hotter interior, and starts a process called • “subduction” - the rocks melt and rise and this creates volcanic eruptions • An example of this type of collision is on the plate of South America where the oceanic Nazca Plate is crashing into the continent of South America. The crash formed the Andes Mountains • the long string of volcanoes along the mountain crest, and the deep trench off the coast in the Pacific Ocean.

Convergent Boundaries • Boundaries between two plates are doing what? • colliding • How many types? • 3 types…

Type 1 • Ocean plate colliding with a less dense • continental plate • Subduction Zone: • where the less dense plate slides • under the more dense plate • What occur at subduction zones? • VOLCANOES

Andes Mountains, South America

Type 2 • Ocean plate colliding with • another ocean plate • The less dense plate slides • under the more dense plate • creating a subduction zone called • a TRENCH

Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Type 3 • A continental plate colliding with • another continental plate • What type of zone takes place? • Collision Zones • What are formed at these places where the plate is folded and thrusted? • Mountains

What happens to the crust when the volcanoes form? • The crust gets pushed under and melts and the crust becomes magma or lava for the volcano, when the volcano is active • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player _embedded&v=ep 2_ax. AA 9 Mw&x-ytts=1421782837&x-yt-cl=84359240 e •

Divergent Boundary • This is when the earths brittle surface layer (the lithosphere) is being pulled apart • It typically breaks along parallel faults that tilt slightly outward from each other • As the plates separate along the boundary, the block between the faults cracks and drops down into the soft, plastic interior (the asthenosphere) • The sinking of the block forms a central valley called a rift • Magma (liquid rock) seeps upward to fill the cracks • New crust is then formed along the boundary • Earthquakes occur along the faults, and volcanoes form where the magma reaches the surface.

Divergent Boundaries • Boundary between two plates that are moving • apart or rifting • RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR SPREADING

Features of Divergent Boundaries • Mid-ocean ridges • rift valleys • fissure volcanoes

Transform boundaries • This is where plates slide horizontally past each other moving in opposite directions • Creating a massive amounts of energy to be built up • Sometimes causing large earthquakes to occur • The most famous transform boundary in the world is the San Andreas fault. • The San Andreas fault zone is about 1, 300 kilometers long and slices through two thirds of California at an average rate of about 5 centimeters per year • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? x-yt-cl=84359240&xytts=1421782837&v=x 1 LELKFXVSk&feature=player_e

Transform Fault Boundaries • Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other • What geological process occurs at this boundarary? • EARTHQUAKES along faults

San Andreas Fault, CA

Could a rock that is sticking out stop the plates from moving? • No the plates would grind the rock down • Could the world start to break up? • Yes it could happen, but at such a slow rate we do not need to worry about it.

Causes of Plate Tectonics

Convection Currents • Hot magma in the Earth moves toward the surface • Then cools, and sinks again. • Creates convection currents beneath the plates that cause the plates to move.

Earth’s Natural Events The surface of the Earth and our environment have been shaped substantially by the behavior of volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and the plate tectonic forces that foster them. The Major players in the dynamic system that fashions the environment of the Earth’s surface. Environmental Literacy Council National Science Teachers Association http: //enviroliteracy. org/nsfmod/Natures. Fury. pdf

How volcanos formed: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 Z 4 as_im. Jf. M Yellowstone Caldera : The Biggest Volcanic Eruption Ever Awaits Mankind https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-i. GJl. Ygp 43 s

Earthquakes • Secrets Of The Earth: Hoover Dam Causes Quakes (1: 25) • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. M 4 KAJvt 2 PI&x-yt-cl=84359240&x-ytts=1421782837&feature=player_detailpage

Haiti Earthquake – January 12, 2010

Tsunami Japan 2011 – 1. National Geographic - http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2011/03/pictures/110311 tsunami-earthquake-japan-hawaii-science-world-waves/#/japan-tsunami-earthquake-hitsnortheast-airplanes_33137_600 x 450. jpg 2. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=V 2 ta. JExh. V 6 g 3. Thailand Dec. 2004 - http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 J 8 Feyr 38 Ss

How Tsunamis Work • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Wx 9 v. Pv. T 51 I&x-yt-cl=84359240&x-ytts=1421782837&feature=player_detailpage

Facts about tsunamis • • A series of ocean waves that sends surges of water Reaching heights of over 100 feet (30. 5 meters), onto land. Cause widespread destruction when they crash ashore. Caused by large, undersea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries. The ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or falls suddenly and it displaces the water above it and launches the rolling waves that will become a tsunami. Most tsunamis (80% happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire, ” A geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common. Tsunamis may also be caused by underwater landslides

Facts Cont’d • Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour—about as fast as a jet airplane • At that pace they can cross the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean in less than a day. • And their long wavelengths mean they lose very little energy along the way. • In deep ocean, tsunami waves may appear only a foot or so high. • But as they approach shoreline and enter shallower water they slow down and begin to grow in energy and height. • The tops of the waves move faster than their bottoms do, which causes them to rise precipitously. • A tsunami’s trough, the low point beneath the wave’s crest,

Facts Cont’d • When it does, it produces a vacuum effect that sucks coastal water seaward and exposes harbor and sea floors. • This retreating of sea water is an important warning sign of a tsunami, because the wave’s crest and its enormous volume of water typically hit shore five minutes or so later. • Recognizing this phenomenon can save lives. • A tsunami is usually composed of a series of waves, called a wave train, so its destructive force may be compounded as successive waves reach shore. • People experiencing a tsunami should remember that the danger may follow the first wave • Some tsunamis do not appear on shore as massive breaking waves but instead resemble a quickly surging tide that inundates coastal areas. • The best defense against any tsunami is early warning that