WELCOME TO BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
WELCOME TO BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH CAMBRIAN COLLEGE
Class – 12 Tense – Indefinite & Continuous What is called Tense? wµqv ms. Nw. UZ n. Iqvi mgq‡K Tense e‡j|
Classification of Tenses are mainly of three kinds Tense Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense He writes. He wrote. He will write
Each of the above Tenses are of four kinds Present Tense Present Indefinite He writes a letter. Present Continuous Present Perfect He is writing a letter. He has written a letter. Present Perfect Continuous He has been writing a letter for an hour.
Past Tense Past Indefinite He wrote a letter. Past Continuous He was writing a letter. Past Perfect Continuous He had written a letter before I came. He had been writing a letter for an hour.
Future Tense Future Indefinite He will write a letter. Future Continuous He will be writing a letter. Future Perfect He will have written a letter before I will come. Future Perfect Continuous He will have been writing a letter for an hour.
Structures of Tenses 1 Present Indefinite - S+v 1 2 Past Indefinite - S+v 2 3 Future indefinite - S+will+v 1 4 Present Continuous - S+am/is/are+verb+ing 5 Past Continuous - S+was/were+verb+ing 6 Future Continuous - S+will be+verb+ing
7 8 Present Perfect Past Perfect 9 Future Perfect - S+have/has+v 3 - S+had+v 3 `yw. U NUbvi Structure G i. Kg n‡e a) after cit past + after+ past perfect b) before c~‡e© t past perfect+before+past - a) Future +after+Future perfect b) Future perfect+before+future c) Future perfect+by+time
10 Present Perfect Continuous - S+have been/has been+v+ing {Obj/Ext. hw` _v‡K}+since/for+time 11 Past Perfect - S+had been +v+ing Continuous {Obj/Ext. hw` _v‡K}+since/for+time 12 Future Perfect - S+will have been+v+ing Continuous {Obj/Ext hw` _v‡K}+since/for+time * Since - n‡Z/†_‡K For- a‡i/hver Afterci/c‡i before - c~‡e©/Av‡M
Notes Present Indefinite Tense Gi †¶‡Î sentence Gi subject ev KZ©v hw` 3 rd person singular number nq Zvn‡j principal verb Gi mv‡_ s ev es hy³ nq, be verb “is” nq Ges have verb “has” nq|
Translations according to Tense 1| Present Indefinite Avwg wjw. L| I write. 2| Past Indefinite Avwg wj‡Lw. Qjvg| I Wrote. 3| Future indefinite Avwg wj. Le| I will write. 4| Present Continuous Avwg wj. Lw. Q| I am writing. 5| Past Continuous Avwg wj. Lw. Qjvg| I was writing. 6| Future Continuous Avwg wj. L‡Z _v. Ke| I will be writing.
7| Present Perfect Avwg wj‡Lw. Q| I have written. 8| Past Perfect K) k¨vgj Avmvi c~‡e© Avwg wj‡Lw. Qjvg | a) I had written before Shamol came. L) Avwg †j. Lvi ci k¨vgj G‡mw. Qj| b) Shamol came after I had written. 9| Future Perfect K) k¨vgj Avvmvi c~‡e© a) I will have written before Avwg shamol comes/will come. wj. Le| L) Avwg †j. Lvi ci k¨vgj Avm‡e| b) Shamol will come after I will have written. M) we. Kvj 5 Uvi g‡a¨ Avwg wj. Le| c) I will have written by
10| Present Perfect Continuous 11| Past Perfect Continuous 12| Future Perfect Continuous K) Avwg GK N›Uv a‡i a) I have been writing for wj. Lw. Q| an hour. L) Avwg m. Kvj n‡Z wj. Lw. Q| b) I have been writing since morning. K) Avwg GKa›Uv a‡i wj. Lw. Qjvg a) I had been writing for an hour. L) Avwg m. Kvj n‡Z wj. Lw. Qjvg b) I had been writing since morning. K) Avwg GKN›Uv a‡i a) I will have been writing wj. L‡Z for an hour. _v. Ke| L) Avwg m. Kvj n‡Z wj. L‡Z _v. Ke| b) I will have been writing since morning.
More: am/is/are/have/has/had/was/were/ as principal verbs. 13 Avgvi GKw. U Kjg Av‡Q Present Indefinite I have a pen. (GLv‡b have P. V) 14 Avgvi GKw. U Kjg w. Qj Past Indefinite I had pen. 15 Avgvi GKw. U Kjg _v. K‡e Future indefinite I will have a pen. 16 Av. Kvk †g. Nv”Qbœ 17 ‡jv. KUv `qvjy Present Indefinite The sky is cloudy. Present Indefinite The man is kind. 18 ‡jv. Kw. U `qvjy w. Qj Past Indefinite The man was kind. 19 ‡jv. Kw. U `qvjy n‡e Future indefinite The man will be kind.
20 m~h© cwðg w`‡K A¯Í hvq 21 1757 mv‡j cjvwki hy`&a nq Present Indefinite The sun sets in the east Present Indefinite The Battle of Palacy takes place in 1757 22 evev cÖZ¨n bvgv. R c‡ob 23 bv. P‡Z bv Rvb‡j D‡Vvb evu. Kv Present Indefinite Father says his prayer everyday. A bad work man quarrels with his tools. 24 ‡jv. Kw. U‡K mvnvh¨ Ki Present Indefinite Help the man. 25 Avwg hw` cvw. L n. Zvg! Present Indefinite If I were a bird! Present Indefinite
Negative a. AV+ not[/sometimes ‘no’(I have no pen. ) b. Do not/ does not/ did not c. PV+ no (He gave no answer. )
Interrogative a. AV+ S----------? b. Do/ does/did+S+ V 1+-----?
Negative-Interrogative a. AV+n’t+ S+-------? b. Don’t/Doesn’t/Didn’t+S+V 1 -----?
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