Welcome Introduction to Public Speaking Instructor Ellen Waddell

Welcome! Introduction to Public Speaking Instructor: Ellen Waddell

Persuasive Speaking 1. 2. 3. 4. Define persuasive speaking Define proposition vs. intended outcome Define the appeal Define and distinguish between attitudes and beliefs 5. Aristotle's 3 Proofs in Action 6. Persuasive Speech Assignment • Brainstorming topics

Speaking Persuasively • Persuasive speaking – – goal is to change or reinforce the attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors of receivers • History has demanded persuasive skills • Today’s communication environment demands effective persuasion skills – In what types of contexts/environments does the skill of persuasion work best, or is most valuable? – What topics are persuasive by nature?

Understand Your Listeners’ Worldview n Worldview – the very foundation of a belief system for an individual/group

Understand Factors Affecting Your Listeners’ Attitudes n Family l n Religion l n expanded role/shape attitudes Socioeconomics l n Believers/nonbelievers affected by religion Education l n Strong influence exerted by our families Economics/social status shape attitudes Culture l l We shape our social institutions Social institutions are reciprocally shaped by us

Understand Your Listeners’ Beliefs n Beliefs – confidence in the truth of something l l l Measured on a probable – improbable scale Belief system – everything you agree is true Disbelief system – all things you think are not true Understand not only your listeners’ attitudes, but also their beliefs n The more central a belief, the harder audience members will work to defend it, and less willing they will be to change it n

The Purpose of Persuasion The persuasive process works to -Effect desired change -Continue status quo • Is it science, or is it a fairy tale? – The giraffe neck – SJSU (opps journals/professor’s warning) – Astronomer – Mt. Saint Helen • Radon dating

The Purpose of Persuasion • Law: Teach how, not why • Is it science, or is it a fairy tale? – Worldview conflict fuels debates – Conflict keeps debate focused on facts – A lack of conflict can be problematic • Absolute power corrupts absolutely

So What’s the BIG DEAL? ? ? • Why do we fight about issues? • What is at stake?

Understand Your Listeners’ Worldview • How you define the terms legally dictates the outcome – Life • When does life begin – Conception – Birth – Death • Right to Die or Suicide/Murder

Understand Your Listeners’ Worldview n Worldview – the very foundation of a belief system for an individual/group n What is the foundation, or the “platform” for the: Ø Republican Party Ø Democratic Party

Understand Your Listeners’ Worldview • Democrats/Liberals – Social issues – Federal control – Abortion – Embryonic Stem cell research – Health care • Republicans/Conservatives – Economics/Fiscal – State control – Abortion – Adult stem cell research – Right to bear arms

Know Who, or the Receivers You Are Trying to Reach n #1: n Audience/Setting Analysis Reaction/feelings towards change being proposed? Ø ego-involvement = Ø Commitment = Ø Hard to affect them

Assignment • Begin research for Persuasive Speech – 5 ideas due Wednesday – Identify topic and find six sources – Read Chapters 15 & 16 • Due Friday: – All topic selections for Persuasive Speech

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Welcome! Introduction to Public Speaking Instructor: Ellen Waddell

Credo for Communication Ethics Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. 1999 National Communication Association

Purpose of Persuasion n Proposition – summarizes the purpose of a persuasive speech n What do you want the audience to do as a result of your speech? n Speakers typically want one of two general outcomes l To change the way audience members think, values, attitudes, or beliefs l To change the way audience members act l motivate to action

Purpose of Persuasion n Persuasive goals/outcome l Adoption l – accept new idea or belief l Discontinuance l –stop doing something they are now doing l Deterrence l – avoid some activity or way of thinking l Continuance l – continue to think or behave as they do now

Types of Persuasive Speeches n Proposition of Fact What is or what is not l “It is a scientifically proven fact that our world l is experiencing global warming. ” Proposition of Value l The worth of an idea, person, or object l “Capital punishment is an appropriate penalty for truly horrific crimes. ” Proposition of Policy l What ought to be l “There ought to be a law against it!”

ARISTOTLE’S THREE PERSUASIVE PROOFS • ETHOS: ETHOS Speaker Credibility • Competence • Goodwill • Character • LOGOS: LOGOS Logical Appeal/Reasoning • Drawing conclusions from evidence • Inductive vs. Deductive • PATHOS: PATHOS Emotional Appeal • Appeals to the listeners’ needs, wants, desires, etc. FINAL EXAM TOPIC

Reasoning Logically Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning • Inductive: Specific to General – The Columbine murderers watched a violent program on mass murder the day before they committed their crime – After watching the show, they devised their plot to kill so many at their high school – Violent television shows are copied in real life situations. • Deductive: General to Specific – People who study regularly get good grades – You want to have good grades – Thus, you should study regularly to get good grades FINAL EXAM TOPIC Chapter 16

Becoming a More Credible Persuader n n Credibility – the receiver’s assessment of the competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism of a speaker Ø Work to avoid reasoning fallacies Ø Using credible sources An audience’s assessment of your credibility can change during your presentation or as a result of it l l l Initial – before you actually begin speaking Derived – during your speech Terminal – at the end of your speech

Reasoning Logically Causal and Analogies • Causal Reasoning: Speculation about the reasons for and effects of occurrences – If smoking can cause major health related problems, then it is hazardous and should be eliminated from your life. • Reasoning by Analogies/Comparison: – Seaside has a strong Boys and Girls Club – Youth crime in Seaside has decreased by 55% – Thus, if we want youth-related crime to decrease, we need a Boys and Girls Club in our town

Ethical Reasoning vs. Reasoning Fallacies Ø Ethical speakers do not use reasoning fallacies • Argumentum ad Hominem: old fashion name calling, or an attack on the person and not the issue in question • Red Herring: using an irrelevant issue or distraction to divert the focus to another issue (think of a BAD smell) • False Division/Dichotomy: Polarization of options, when in reality there exists many options of choice. • Post Hoc (False Cause): Identification of an issue as the cause of another problem, when there is not relationship • Argumentum ad Populum (bandwagon): “But, everyone is doing it!” An appeal to popular opinion • Argumentum ad Verecudiam: Appeal to authority, or the testimony of someone who is not a true expert FINAL EXAM TOPIC Chapter 16

Persuasive Strategies for conveying: conveying • ethos • logos • pathos

Persuasive Strategies: ETHOS • • • CONTENT Explain your competence during your introductory remarks – You have done the research – You have personal experience Establish common ground through the use of shared beliefs and values Use strong, credible evidence – Varied supporting material – Impartial sources – New evidence: recently discovered facts

Persuasive Strategies: ETHOS LANGUAGE • Respectful • Formal • Appropriate humor Ø Avoid potentially offensive language/humor DELIVERY Appropriate attire Direct eye contact will whole audience Speak fluently, with sincere conviction

Persuasive Strategies: LOGOS Use logical appeals • Inductive • Deductive • Analogies Avoid reasoning fallacies • • • Argumentum ad Hominem Red Herring False Division/Dichotomy Post Hoc (False Cause) Argumentum ad Populum Argumentum ad Verecudiam

Persuasive Strategies: PATHOS CONTENT • Stories and testimonials • Startling statistics • Dramatic and relevant information LANGUAGE • Persuasive punch words “Today, let us examine the dangers associated with…” DELIVERY • Use your voice to convey your commitment to the topic • Appropriate gestures and facial expressions – Clinched fist or fist to palm – Furrowed brows or a surprised look

Purpose of Persuasion n What do you want the audience to do as a result of your speech? n two general outcomes l To change the way audience members think, values, attitudes, or beliefs l To change the way audience members act l motivate to action

Organizing the Speech Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that the problem of obsolete computers in our landfills is a health hazard, with legislation needed. Thesis: I am asking for your vote on Proposition 17 because obsolete computers are straining landfills due to hazardous materials that can take a distinctively long time to decay. 1 st Main idea: Obsolete computers contain hazardous materials 2 nd Main idea: Obsolete computers can take a distinctively long time to decay

Persuasive Speech Examples

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Welcome! Introduction to Public Speaking Instructor: Ellen Waddell

Group Debate Assignment • Review Worldview – 2 Sides of the same issue • Assignment • Library research

Understand Your Listeners’ Worldview n Worldview – the very foundation of a belief system for an individual/group n What is the foundation, or the “platform” for the: Ø Republican Party Ø Democratic Party

Decency, Morality, and the Media n Super Bowl / Janet Jackson nudity n During show, Jackson’s breast was exposed on national television n Family programming n Calls for changes in the media n Jackson has lost work opportunities n Should the media and/or performers be required to adhere to standards of taste and decency on television/or in public appearances, or is this an issue of free speech for viewers and performers? n When/Are there times and locations when such programming is acceptable

Stem Cell Research • • • Should embryonic stem cells be made available for research? Do embryonic stem cells have the same viability as adult stem cells? • If no, why the controversy • If yes, why opposed What are the benefits/risks of such research? Should a legislation be enacted to allow such research? What will be the long term outcome of such a law?

Outsourcing of jobs overseas: • Silicon Valley hard hit/Many jobs lost • Nationwide, hundreds of thousands jobs now overseas • Is it helpful or harmful to the American economy for American jobs to be outsourced to other countries?

Assignment • Begin research for Persuasive Speech – Identify topic and find six sources – Read Chapters 15 & 16 • Next session: – Meet in the campus library – All topic selections for Persuasive Speech are due at that time – Research for group debate

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