Welcome Dr Vinod B Shimpale Department of Botany
Welcome Dr. Vinod B. Shimpale Department of Botany, The New College, Kolhapur shimpale@yahoo. com
Semester-II Paper-IV: Plant Taxonomy 1 a: Introduction, Importance of Taxonomy § Functions of Taxonomy, § Identification, Nomenclature, Binomial Nomenclature, Classification. § Salient features of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 1 b. Herbarium, Its Role and Significance. • Botanical Gardens: Introduction, Role and Significance • Study of Sir J. C. Bose Botanical Garden, Calcutta • Lead Botanical Garden, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 2 a. Classification of angiosperms • Salient features of angiosperms • Types of classification: Natural, Artificial and Phylogenetic • Bentham and Hookers system of Classification 2 b. Study of Angiosperm Families: Caesalpiniaceae, Solanaceae, Nyctaginaceae and Liliaceae 2
KINGDOM- PLANTAE Phanerogams Cryptogams Lower cryptogams Gymnosperm Higher Cryptogam s Angiosperm Pteridophytes Algae Bryophyte Fungi 3
Sub-unit 4. 1: General characters The plant kingdom is divided into two subkingdom named as phanerogams and cryptogams, considering presence or absence of flower and seeds. All plants which bear seeds are included in phanerogams whereas the cryptogams covers all nonflowering plants such as algae, bryophyte, fungi, lichen and ferns. The phanerogams are also known as spermatophytes since they produce seeds. These seed bearing plants are further divided into two divisions viz. , Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. The angiosperms include all flowering plants which produce seeds and have ovules enclosed in an ovary or fruit. 4
What is Taxonomy • Taxonomy: The term ‘Taxonomy’ is first time recognized by A. P. de Candolle (1813) as a combination of Greek words ‘taxis’ means arrangement and ‘nomos’ means rules or laws. • Thus the taxonomy can be defined as, ‘it is a branch of botany deals with the study of identification, nomenclature and classification of plants’. • The the important functions of taxonomy are Identification, Nomenclature and Classification of organisms (plants). 5
Identification: Identification or determination is recognizing an unknown specimen with an already known taxon and assigning a correct rank and position in an extant classification. In practice, it involves finding a name for an unknown specimen. This may be achieved: • by visiting a herbarium and comparing unknown specimen with identified one • the specimens may send to an expert and identification can be achieved • Now a new method becoming popular which involves taking a photograph of a plant, uploading the picture in the website, who can see the photograph at the website and send their comments to the enquirer. Classification: Classification is an arrangement of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities. Nomenclature: Nomenclature deals with the determination of a correct name of a taxon. Nomenclature of plants is governed by the rules and recommendations. There are different code for the different groups of the plants like: ICBN: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (now it is ICN- International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants ICNB: International Code for the Nomenclature of Bacteria (now its BCBacteriological code) ICNCP: International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants 6 ICTV: International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses.
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) Introduction / Principles of ICBN • It was previously known as ‘International Code of Botanical Nomenclature’ but the name has been changed as International code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN) in International Botanical Congress held at Melbourne in July 2011. • The foundations of this code are to be found in Linnaeus own book entitled ‘Philosophia Botanica’, in which he has given main points of nomenclature. Some important rules are: ‘ 260’: size does not distinguish the species, ‘ 284’: A generic name must be applied to each plant species. • • In the course of time, it has become necessary to specify the rules so as to make them precise. For the same purpose first International Botanical Congress was held at Paris in 1867 and very recently 19 th International Botanical Congress was held at Shenzen in China in 2017. • The present code is divided into three divisions and six principles. 7
The important principles of the ICBN are: 1. The nomenclature of algae, fungi and plants is independent of zoological and prokaryotic types. 2. The application of name of taxonomic group is determined by means of nomenclatural types. 3. The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication. 4. Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in specific case. 5. Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation. 6. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY 1. To provide a convenient method for identification and communication. 2. To provide an inventory of the world’s flora. Although a single world flora is difficult to compile, the regional floras can be made available. 3. To detect evaluation at work, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom, determining the sequence of evolutionary change and character modification. 4. To provide a system of classification which depicts the evolution within the group. 5. To provide an integration of all available information, to gather information from all the fields of study. 6. To provide an information reference, supplying the methodology for information storage, exchange and utilization. 7. To provide significant information- covering endangered species, unique elements, genetic and ecological diversity. 8. To provide new plant concept, interpret the old and develop new producer for correct determination of taxonomic affinities, in terms of phylogeny and phenetics. 9. To provide integrated database including all species of plants across the globe. 9
1 b. Herbarium 1. Introduction: Concept, Definition of Herbaria, Difference between Herbarium sheet and Herbarium 2. Method: Steps involved in the Herbarium Preparation 3. Important herbaria : Acronym and List of herbaria from World, India and Maharashtra 4. Role and Significance of Herbarium 10
Herbarium Sheet: A herbarium sheet is a collection of preserved plant specimens, associated with scientific data. Mostly this preservation includes drying and pressing of the plant material, but certain plants, which are succulent or unsuitable for pressing and drying may be fixed in suitable liquid preservatives. Herbarium: A collection of dried, pressed plants mounted on sheets bearing a detailed data label and stored in cupboards in systematic manner is referred as ‘Herbarium’. In ‘Index Herbariorum’ more than 1600 important herbaria of the World are listed. 11
Preparation of Herbarium: For preparation of a herbarium following technique has to be followed: i) Collection, ii) Drying, iii) Poisoning, iv) Mounting and Stitching, v) Labeling and vi) Deposition. • Each collection must be associated with filed number, the field number is given to each specimen in field itself. • These field numbers then have to attach on herbarium sheet. FLORA OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT Field No. – 85 85 Date- 23/06/2018 85 Locality- Kagal Altitude – 800 mtr Note – Small shrub, growing along road sides, flowers pink, fragrant 85 Collector- Dr. Shimpale V. B. 85 • In the field book different important characters should be noted down by the collector including the date of collection, place of collection (locality), the altitude of the place, habit of the plant, colour of the flower and any other character of the plant which not preserved in the collected specimen. • The four numbering tickets have to be torn off and fixed to the herbarium specimens. 12
Field number Flowering twig Field note Herbarium Sheet 13
Ø Acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of institute, organization and place and pronounced as a word. Ø Each recognized herbarium in the Index Herbariorum is assigned an official acronym (code) that is used as a standard for reference to the institution and its specimens. For example the Shivaji University, Kolhapur Herbarium is acronymed as ‘SUK’. Ø Likewise some important, recognized herbaria of the World are Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (K); The Natural History Museum (BM), UK; Harvard University (HUH), Cambridge, USA; National Botanic Garden of Belgium (BR), Belgium Ø Recognized Indian herbaria are Central National Herbarium (CAL), Calcutta; Madras Herbarium (MH), Coimbatore etc. Ø Important herbaria of Maharashtra- Blatter Herbarium (BLAT), Mumbai; Botanical Survey of India Pune Herbarium (BSI); Agharkar Herbarium (AHMA), Pune; Shivaji University Kolhapur Herbarium (SUK), Kolhapur etc. 14
Role and Significance of Herbarium 1. Herbarium is a fundamental resource of identification of all plants of the region, countries or even world. 2. It is a useful source of material for systematic studies including anatomy, palynology, cytotaxonomy, phytogeography and Molecular biology etc. 3. Sometimes the herbarium provides plant material even the species is extinct. 4. Herbarium is an aid for assessment of conservation status of any taxon. 5. Herbarium also helps in to study the morphological variations within species or taxa. 6. Herbaria also provides important data on actual place of occurrence, time of flowering and fruiting (phenology) etc. 7. Herbarium may also be a repository for viable seeds for many rare, endemic species. 8. Herbarium especially ‘Type specimens’ serve as ‘Birth Certificate’ of the newly described species. 9. Herbarium preserves National plant wealth including type materials and palaeobotanical collections. 10. It helps to facilitate exchange and loan of preserved plant material for different purposes like research in botany and other allied branches, exhibition etc. 11. Herbaria are also useful in the study of effect of climate change on plants. 15
Botanical Gardens Introduction: What is a garden? / What is a botanical garden? / List of important Botanical Gardens in the world Gardens: Garden is an aesthetic place, which serve as a beauty spot and place for the enjoyment of general public. Botanical Garden: Botanical Garden is ‘a garden which is meant for the collection, cultivation and display of different plants with their botanical labels’. Some botanical gardens are associated with the libraries containing reference books, pamphlets, monographs, manuals, floras, photographs and the extensive collection of herbaria. • Botanic Garden and Museum, Berlin, Germany (1646) • Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland (1670) • J. C. Bose Botanic Garden, Howrah, Calcutta (1787) • Botanic Garden of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1808) • Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U. S. A. (1859) 16
General Garden Botanical Garden Herbarium or Institute 17
Role and Significance of botanical gardens: Expected functions of botanical gardens are: 1. It should be aimed for raising, introducing and acclimatizing wide variety of global plants. 2. To supply of authentic plant material to organizations engaged in research and development. 3. Associated with conservation of plant material especially conservation of RET (Rare, Endangered and Threatened) species. 4. Botanical gardens are laboratories to conduct the different hybridization experiments. 5. Botanical gardens also provide facilities for collection of living plant material for biosystematic studies. 6. Maintenance of herbarium as a record of plants and access to identification for those who need it. 7. Provision to technical advice or consultation service for improvement of other gardens located in the nearby area. 8. Botanical gardens play a key role in the conservation of the world’s plants diversity and the education of people in environmental issues. 9. Botanical gardens are engaged in delivering publications, workshops, congress, support and guidance to plant lovers. 18
Sir J. C. Bose Botanical Garden, Calcutta q. Establishment, q. Purpose behind establishment, q. Previous names of this garden, q. Imp. Features of this garden 19
Establishment: It was established in 1787 by Robert Kyd, a military engineer of the East India Company. Purpose: The main purpose of this garden was to raise the different economically important plants and distribute them among the local peoples for cultivation. By this the people of the country will be benefited and also East India Company would also have some profit from these peoples. Previous names: Also known as ‘The Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta’/ ‘Hon’ble East India Company’s Botanic Garden’/ ‘Horto Botanico Calcuttensis’ /‘Royal Botanic Garden, Sibpur’ and very recently 2009 it is designated as ‘Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose Indian Botanical Garden’. 20
The important features of this garden are: 1. It is the first garden to be established in the tropics. 2. It is established on the western side of Hooghly River in Calcutta. It is spread into 273 acres of land contains more than 12000 plant species of the world’s tropical plants. 3. In garden many economic plants like spices, tea, jute, cinchona etc. are cultivated. 4. Dr. Nathanial Wallich, during his time he has established the famous Herbarium of the garden known as Central National Herbarium and acronymed as CNH. 5. The herbarium (CNH) is the second largest in the East and has played a significant role in the floristics and botany of India. 6. The garden has several interesting features such as: ü The main centre of attraction of visitors is the great Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis) which is over two centuries old and covering a large area with its pillar like roots. The leafy crown covers an area of 17, 000 sq. mtr. and has over 1600 aerial prop roots. ü The garden also has different sections like palm house (Palmetum) where we found Hyphaene thebeica- an African branching palm. Like Palmetum there are other sections like bamboose, screwpines and conifers. ü The garden has another curious plant i. e. the giant water Lily of Amazon (Victoria amazonica) which adds importance and beauty of the garden along with different species of water lilies. 21
m riu rba ) He CNH ( e ha yp ne th e i be ca H Important features: These points must be included Great Banyan Tree Victoria amazonica 22
Lead Botanical Garden, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Introduction/ Functions of LBG/ Lead Botanical Garden at SUK Ø The Lead Botanical Gardens are established with the aim of ex-situ conservation of threatened and endemic plant species of the country. Ø All lead botanical gardens of India are funded by Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change (Mo. EF & CC), New Delhi. Ø The important functions of Lead Botanical Gardens are: 1. LBG are associated with recovery, restoration of rare and endemic plants of the region. 2. To organize the training programs to train the Indian researchers. 3. To create the awareness among college students, publics, environmentalist and researchers regarding the plant wealth of the region. 23
LBG at Shivaji University, Kolhapur: It is the only one lead botanical garden in the state. It is established in 2007 under the leadership of Professor (Dr. ) S. R. Yadav. The salient features of LBG are: • In this garden more than 1100 species of higher plants are introduced and well conserved. The LBG have following major sections: • Fernery: It contains large number of ferns (Pteridophytes). It is established in 2005 and holds germplasm collection of 61 species. In this fernery more than 11 species are endemic species are conserved. • Pinetum: Pineatum means a plantation of pine trees or other conifers for the scientific or ornamental purposes. The pinetum of LBG has about 22 species of different gymnosperms. • Conservatory of Rhizomatous, Cormatous, Tuberous and Bulbous plants: This germplam conservatory is rich with more than 40 species of Western Ghats. • Aquatic plants: This section includes unique plants of Botanical Interest like Victoria amazonica, Nymphaea nouchali, Nelumbo nucifera and many Aponogeton species. • Medicinal plants: More than 75 species of herbaceous medicinal plants have been maintained in this section. Now some medicinal tree species have been planted in this garden. • Palmatum: In this section more than 70 species of palm are planted which included indigenous as well as cultivated species of the palm. • Orchidarium: It an area in a park or botanical garden dedicated to orchids. In LBG there about 60 species of orchids are maintained in Orchidarium. • Mangrove nursery: The department has made significant contribution in restoration of mangrove ecosystem. Department have a nursery of mangroves. • Insectivorous plants: LBG also have section of insectivorous plants. Few species of Nepenthus, Sarracenias, Utricularia and Dionaeas are conserved in the garden. • Nursery of RET species: Large number of seedlings of Rare, Threatened and Endemic (RET) species are stored in the nursery. 24
SALIENT FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS 1. The angiosperms are seed bearing plants, well adopted to the terrestrial life. 2. Angiosperms occurs in diverse habitat like cold tundra, to hot tropical and evergreen desert areas, they also thrive well in aquatic habitats. 3. Angiosperms represented by tree, shrub and herbs. 4. The body is well differentiated into root, stem and leaves. 5. Angiosperms also posses well developed vessels in xylem and campanion cells in phloem. 6. In angiosperms male reproductive organ is represented by androecium and female by gynoecium. 7. The phenomenon of pollination i. e. transfer of pollen from stamens to carpels is an unique mechanism of angiosperms. 8. These are dominant green flowering plants of the present day vegetation. 9. Double fertilization and triple fusion is only reported from angiosperms. 10. All angiosperms are catagarized into two classes i. e. Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae. 25
Types of Classifications What is classification ? Is a general process related to categorization. Why classification is needed? To delimit the taxa or organism. Historical concepts of relationships: v. Natural classifications- Bentham and Hooker v. Artificial classifications- Linnaceous v. Phylogenetic classification- Takhtajan system 26
Natural system of classification: During the construction of such type of classification system all possible characters are taken into consideration and also system indicated the natural relationships between the plants. • • Thus according to their similarities and differences, mostly in their important morphological characters, plants are first classified into a few big groups. These are further divided and sub-divided into smaller and smaller groups until the smallest group. • The well known example of such type is Bentham and Hookers system of classification. 27
• Artificial system of Classification: The system which is based on single character is known as artificial system of classification. • In this type the closely related plants are often placed in different groups because of the presence or absence of a particular character. • This system enables us to determine readily the names of plants but does not indicate the natural relationship that exists among the individuals forming a group. • It is like the manner of arrangement of words in a dictionary in which, except for the alphabetical order, adjacent words do not necessary have any agreement with one another. The well known example of this system is Carl Linnaeus system of classification. 28
Zingiberidae Liliidae Commelinidae Arecidae Alismatidae Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Phylogenetic system of classification: Such systems are based on evolutionary trends among the plant kingdom. In such systems plants are classified basing on their phylogenetic relationships and thereby indicating the sequence of evolution among the plants. Common examples are Engler (1886), Hutchinson (1942), Takhtajan (1997) etc. 29
Bentham and Hookers system of Classification ØIntroduction George Bentham ØOutline of the classification Sir Dalton Hooker ØMerits and Demerits of the System Introduction: George Bentham (1800 -1884) and Sir Dalton Hooker (1817 -1911), two English scientists presented their system for seed plants in a three volume work. Bentham was a well trained botanist and Hooker was Director of the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew. The system highlights following silent features: • The system is published in the book ‘Genera Plantarum’ in between 1862 to 1883 and it was in Latin language. • It is one of the natural systems of classification because in this system weightage has been given to all possible characters of the seed plants. • System presents 3 classes, 3 sub-classes, 21 series, 25 cohort and 202 orders with 7569 genera and about 97, 205 species of seed plants. • The classification was a refinement of the systems proposed by A. P. de Candolle with some modifications. 30 • In this system more weightage has been given to flower characters.
Outline of the system of Classification Division : Phanerogams Class Dicotyledons Gymnospermae Sub- 3 Sub-class (Polypetalae, 3 Sub-class Gamopetalae and Apetalae) (Gnetales, Coniferales and Cycadales Series 3 series in polypetalae ----(Thalamiflorae, Disciflorare & Calyciflorae), 3 series in Gamopetale (Inferare, Superae and Bicarpellatae) and 7 series in Apetalae (Curvembryae, Multiovulatae aquaticeae, Multiovulatae terrestriae, Microembryae, Dhaphnales, Achamydosporae and Unisexuals) Monocotyledons ---- 7 series in the Monocots Microspermae, Epigynae, Coronarieae, Calycinae, Nodiflorae, Apocarpae, Glumaceae 31
Merits of the system: • This system is based on actual examination of specimens and preserved herbarium sheets. • Although this system represents a natural and not a phylogenetic approach, some aspects of the system does show affinity with modern concepts of evolution. • The placement of monocots after dicots also appears to be in accordance with the evolutionary trends and most of the recent taxonomists are agreed with this trend. • In this system all possible characters have been taken into consideration. • This system still followed and used in a number of herbaria and botanical gardens all over the world. • The large genera are divided into sections and sub-sections. • The system has great practical value for identification of plants. It is very easy to follow for routine identification. Demerits of the system • The system does not incorporate phylogeny, although it was published after Darwin’s publication on evolution theory. • The position of gymnospermae in between dicots and monocots has not been acceptable. • It is also weak on evolutionary basis of grouping of genera, families and orders, since some closely related families are placed apart. • The placement of families like Asteraceae in the beginning of gamopetalae and Orchidaceae in microspermae (both having inferior ovary) do not justify the recent evolutionary approach. • Some cohorts that could not be satisfactory placed by them in any cohort were treated as anomalous orders. 32
Study of Angiosperm families A} Morphological characters: Habit: to Fruit B} Classification (According to Bentham and Hooker) (Kingdom: Plantae : Presence of Chlorophyll Division: Phanerogams : Flowering or seed bearing plants Sub-division: Angiosperms : Seeds enclosed within the fruit Class: Dicotyledonae : Tap root system; leaves with reticulate venation Sub-class: Polypetalae : Petal free from each other Series: Calyciflorae : Calyx gamosepalous (sepals fused with each other) Order: Rosales : Flowers zygomorphic Family: Caesalpiniaceae C} Diagnostic characters of family: • Herb, shrub or trees. • Leaves always pinnately compound with pulvinous leaf base. • Flowers in recemose inflorescence. • Gynoecium always monocarpellary. • Fruit a legume. • Single ovule in each locule, always with marginal placentation. D} Important plants of the family 33
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