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MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY OF COCKROACH bankofbiology. blogspot. com 3
COCKROACH (Periplaneta americana) Phylum Class Genus Species : Arthropoda : Insecta : Periplaneta : americana bankofbiology. blogspot. com 4
Morphology Nocturnal, omnivores , live in damp places. Adults are 34 -53 mm long. Body is covered by a hard brown chitinous exoskeleton. In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites (dorsal tergites & ventral sternites) that are joined by a thin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane). Body has 3 regions – head, thorax and abdomen. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 5
Morphology Thorax: Head: 3 Triangular parts: prothorax, & head ismesothorax formed by the metathorax. fusion of 6 segments. Head is connected with in thorax Shows great mobility all by a neck (short extension of prothorax). directions due to flexible neck. Each thoracic Head bears segment bears a pair of legs. A pair of thread like antennae 2 pairs of wings: A pair of compound eyes Forewings/ mesothoracic or A biting & chewing type mouth tegmina (2): Opaque dark and parts. leathery. Cover the hind wings Mouthparts consist of a labrum when at rest. (upper lip), a pair of mandibles, Hind wings /metathoracic (2): hypopharynx (tongue), a pair of Transparent, membranous. Used in maxillae flight. and a labium (lower lip). bankofbiology. blogspot. com 6
Morphology Abdomen: In Consists males: of 10 segments. In both Genital sexes, pouch thelies 10 thatsegment the hind bears endaofpair abdomen of jointed bounded anal cerci. In females: dorsally by 9 th & 10 th terga and ventrally 7 th sternum by is the boat 9 th shaped sternum. It contains 8 th & 9 th sterna dorsal forms anus, ventral a brood or genital male genital pouch. pore. Its & anterior part contains female gonapophysis. Bear gonopore, a pairspermathecal of short, threadlike pores & collateral anal styles which glands. are absent in females. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 7
Differences between male and female cockroach Male 1. Larger size Female Smaller size 2. Wings extend beyond Do not extend beyond the tip of the abdomen 3. Narrow abdomen Broader abdomen 4. Anal styles present Absent 5. Brood pouch absent Present bankofbiology. blogspot. com 8
Anatomy Mid gut (Mesenteron): Alimentary canal has 3 parts: Not lined by cuticle. A ring of 6 -8 gut tubular hepatic or foregut, mid & hindgut. gastric caecae (at the junction of Foregut: foregut and mid gut) secrete �Itdigestive is lined juice. by cuticle. � → pharynx → oesophagus Mouth At the junction of mid gut and → crop (to store food) →Malpighian gizzard hindgut there is 100 -150 (proventriculus). tubules. Hindgut: �Gizzard has an outer layer of thick circular It is broader thanand midthick gut. inner muscles cuticle Lined internally cuticle. plates forming 6 bychitinous (teeth). Includes. Itileum, & rectum. helpscolon to grind the food. Rectum opens out through anus. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 9
Anatomy Circulatory system Blood vascular system: open type. Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into haemocoel. Visceral organs in the haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph). Haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes. Heart is an elongated muscular tube lying along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen. It has funnelshaped chambers with ostia on either side. Blood from sinuses → ostia → heart → anterior aorta → sinuses. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 10
Anatomy Respiratory system Consists of a network of trachea, that open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body. Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes subdivided into tracheoles) carry O 2 from the air to all the parts. The opening of the spiracles is regulated by sphincters. Gas exchange takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 11
Anatomy Excretory system Uricotelic. Excretory organ: Yellow coloured filamentous Malpighian tubules. Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. They absorb nitrogenous wastes and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut. The fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in excretion. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 12
Anatomy Nervous system Consists of segmentally arranged Sense gangliaorgans: joined antennae, by paired eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal longitudinal connectives on the cerci, etc. ventral side. 3 ganglia inhave thorax and 6 receptors in Antennae sensory to abdomen. monitor the environment. Head holds a bit eye of aconsists nervousof about Each compound system while theommatidia. rest is situated 2000 hexagonal They can along ventral part of receivethe several images ofits anbody. object. So, headas ofmosaic a cockroach Thisifisthe known vision. is. Itcut has off, it sensitivity will still livebut forless oneresolution, week. more The supra-oesophageal ganglion being common during night (hence (brain) supplies nerves called nocturnal vision). to antennae and compound eyes. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 13
Anatomy Reproductive system: Male Cockroaches are dioecious. External genitalia include male Male reproductive system gonapophysis or phallomere consists of a pair of testes lying (chitinous asymmetrical one on each lateral side in the structures, surrounding the 4 th -6 th abdominal segments. male gonopore). Each testis → a thin vas deferens The sperms are stored in the → seminal vesicle → ejaculatory seminal vesicles and are glued duct → male gonopore situated together in the form of bundles ventral to anus. called spermatophores which A mushroom-shaped gland are discharged during (accessory gland) is present in copulation. the 6 th-7 th abdominal segments. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 14
Anatomy Reproductive system: Female Consists of 2 large ovaries (in 2 nd – 6 th abdominal segments). Each ovary has 8 ovarian tubules (ovarioles), containing a chain of developing ova. Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (vagina) which opens into the genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca (6 th segment) opens into the genital chamber. Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs are encased oothecae (dark reddish to blackish brown capsule, about 8 mm long). bankofbiology. blogspot. com Females produce 9 -10 oothecae, each containing 14 -16 eggs. 15
Anatomy Reproductive system Development is paurometabolous, (development through nymphal stage). Nymphs look like adults. They moult 13 times to reach the adult form. The next to last nymphal stage has wing pads. Only adult cockroaches have wings. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 16
Economic importance They are pests because they destroy food and contaminate it with their smelly excreta. They transmit bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis etc by contaminating food material. bankofbiology. blogspot. com 17
MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FROG 18 bankofbiology. blogspot. com
FROG Phylum Class Genus Species : Chordata : Amphibia : Rana : tigrina Rana tigrina: Most common spp in India. They are cold blooded or poikilotherms. They can change the colour to hide from their enemies (camouflage). This protective coloration is called mimicry. � During summer and winter they undergo aestivation (summer sleep) and hibernation (winter sleep) respectively to protect from extreme heat and cold. � � � bankofbiology. blogspot. com 19
MORPHOLOGY 20 On either side ofiseyes have a The skin of frog always membranous (ear). moist, smoothtympanum and slippery Forelimbs (4 digits) and hind due to the presence of mucus. limbs (5 ofdigits) Colour dorsalhelp sideinis olive swimming, walking, leaping green with dark irregular spots and ventral burrowing. hindyellow. limbs and side. The is pale are larger and muscular thanbut The frog never drinks water fore limbs. absorb it through the skin. Feet have webbedinto digits that Body is divisible head and help in. Neck swimming. trunk. and tail absent. Frogs exhibit sexual Above the mouth, a pair of dimorphism. Male frogs nostrils is present. Eyes have are sound producing vocal bulged and covered by asac and also a membrane copulatory that (nuptial) nictitating pad on the firstwhile digit in ofwater. fore protects them bankofbiology. blogspot. com limbs which are absent in
ANATOMY 21 Digestive system � Consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands. � Alimentary canal is short because frogs are carnivores and hence the length of intestine is reduced. � Mouth → buccal cavity → pharynx → oesophagus → stomach → intestine → rectum → cloaca. � Liver secretes bile that is stored in the gall bladder. Pancreas produces pancreatic bankofbiology. blogspot. com juice containing digestive
ANATOMY 22 Digestive system � Digestion: By HCl and gastric juices secreted from gastric wall. � Partially digested food (chyme) is passed from stomach to duodenum. � Duodenum receives bile and pancreatic juices through a common bile duct. � Bile emulsifies fat. Pancreatic juice digest carbohydrates and proteins. Digestion completes in the intestine. � Finger-like villi and microvilli in intestine absorb digestedbankofbiology. blogspot. com food.
ANATOMY 23 v. Respiratory system � Skin is aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved O 2 in the water is exchanged through the skin by diffusion. � On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs (pulmonary respiration) act as the respiratory organs. � Lungs: 2 elongated, pink coloured sac-like organs present in thorax. Air → nostrils → buccal cavity bankofbiology. blogspot. com → lungs.
ANATOMY Heart 24 Blood vascular system blood vessels blood Circulator y system Lymphatic system bankofbiology. blogspot. com lymph channels lymph nodes
ANATOMY 25 � Closed Circulatory system type. � Heart: 3 -chambered (2 atria &1 ventricle). Covered by pericardium. � A triangular structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium. It receives blood through major veins (vena cava). � Ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart. � Blood from heart → arteries bankofbiology. blogspot. com (arterial system) → body parts
ANATOMY 26 Circulatory system � Hepatic portal system (venous connection between liver and intestine) and renal portal system (between kidney and lower parts of the body) are present in frogs. � Blood: Formed of plasma and cells (RBC, WBC & platelets). RBCs are nucleated and contain haemoglobin. � Lymph lacks few proteins and RBCs. � Blood circulation is achieved by bankofbiology. blogspot. com the pumping action of muscular
ANATOMY 27 Excretory system Ureters: Emerge from the kidneys. In males, they act urinogenital duct which � as Consists of kidneys (2), opens uretersinto (2), cloaca. Inand females, ureters & oviduct urinary bladder. open separately in cloaca. � Kidney: Dark red and bean Urinary bladder: Thin-walled. shaped. Found posteriorly Present ventral to the in the body on both rectum whichcavity also opens in sides of vertebral column. the cloaca. Each is animal. formed of Frog is akidney ureotelic uriniferous Nitrogenoustubules wastes are (nephrons). carried by blood into the bankofbiology. blogspot. com kidney where it is separated
ANATOMY Control and co-ordination 28 Central nervous system Nervou s system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Autonomic Sympathetic nervous Parasympatheti system bankofbiology. blogspot. com c
ANATOMY Control and co-ordination Nervous system 29 Olfactory lobes Fore-brain Paired cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain Midbrain Hind brain A pair of optic lobes Cerebellum Medulla oblongata bankofbiology. blogspot. com
ANATOMY Control and co-ordination 30 Nervous system � Cranial nerves (10 pairs): From brain. � Brain is enclosed in a bony brain box (cranium). � Medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord. � Spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral bankofbiology. blogspot. com column.
ANATOMY Control and co-ordination 31 Nervous system Sense organs include organs of Touch (sensory papillae) Taste (taste buds) Smell (nasal epithelium) Vision (eyes) Hearing (tympanum with internal ears). � Eyes are a pair of spherical structures situated in the orbit. These are simple eyes (possess only one unit). � Ear is an organ of hearing and balancing bankofbiology. blogspot. com (equilibrium). �
ANATOMY 32 Reproductive system Male reproductive organs: � A pair of yellowish ovoid testes, adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum (mesorchium). � Testes → Vasa efferentia (10 -12 in number) → enter the kidneys → open into Bidder’s canal → urinogenital duct → opens into the cloaca. � Cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine andbankofbiology. blogspot. com sperms to the exterior.
ANATOMY 33 Reproductive system Female reproductive organs: � A pair of ovaries near kidneys. There is no functional connection with kidneys. � A pair of oviduct from the ovaries opens into the cloaca separately. � A mature female lay 2500 3000 ova at a time. � Fertilisation is external and takes place in water. � Development involves a larva (tadpole). Tadpole undergoes bankofbiology. blogspot. com metamorphosis to form the
Economic importance 34 � They eat insects and protect the crop. � Maintain ecological balance by serving as an important link of food chain and food web in the ecosystem. � In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used as food by man. bankofbiology. blogspot. com
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Prepared by MUHAMMED ALI. K. C DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Ph: 9544187632 Email: mailtokcm@gmail. com bankofbiology. blogspot. com fourhomes. blogspot. com bankofbiology. blogspot. com 36
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