Welcome back 1 Explain the difference between Reciprocity

Welcome back 1. Explain the difference between Reciprocity and Interactional Synchrony 2. Define attachment 3. Identify one behavioural characteristic which would evidence attachment 4. What are demand characteristics? 5. What is inter-rator (or inter-observer) reliability? 6. Inter-observer reliability is checked and expressed as a C_________

Answers 1. Reciprocity- two way interaction Interactional synchrony- mirroring interaction 2. 3. Two way, emotional and enduring bond…. Seeking proximity, distress on seperation, pleasure when reunited, secure based behaviour 4. demand characteristics- participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and subconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation.

5. Inter-observer reliability • The extent to which there is an agreement between two or more observers involved in observations of a behaviour. • So you should always have at least two observers when carrying out an observation • Observations should be consistent (reliable) so observers should produce the same record and a general rule is if there is 80% or above agreement that the data has high inter-observer reliability. • Sometimes inter-observer reliability is expressed as a correlation coefficient, so here we are looking for a over +. 80 for high interobserver reliability.

Today • Review our intro to attachment; Reciprocity and interactional synchrony • Identify Schaffer’s stages of attachment • Evaluate Schaffer’s stages of attachment

Supporting Evidence • Read the research on page 3 • Write on the wallboards how each of the research studies support the existence of reciprocity/intentional synchrony and/ attachment

Schaffer’s stages of attachment • You have one minute to review the stages 10 mins • In your group you must draw/ represent the stages on the paper provided without the pack • More able students to think about and draw any relevant evaluation points

Handout 1 • Schaffer’s stages

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) Methodological issues A longitudinal study using 60 babies were visited every month for a year Mothers were interviewed to measure attachment Observations were conducted to measure stranger and seperation anxiety Findings • Signs of attachment – 50% by 7 months, 80% by 9 months • 30 % displayed multiple attachments • By one year 78% had developed multiple attachments

Discussion This is a stage theory- what are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

Group task • Discuss your given evaluation point • Write it on the wallboards • Extend the point

Schaffer and Emerson’s study was longitudinal…. .

In some cultures multiple caregivers are the norm…. .

The stages were developed based on evidence such as schaffer and Emerson’s study….

Schaffer and Emerson’s study is based on a limited sample of participants….

The stages link to reciprocity and interactional synchrony….

The Research is based on observational methodology

What does this suggest about attachment and fathers? Infants showed separation anxiety towards their primary attachment figure which was the biological mother 75% of the time