Welcome AIBA Open Boxing New Technical Competition Rules

Welcome

AIBA Open Boxing New Technical & Competition Rules Angel Villarreal AIBA Technical & Rules Commission Member AOB/WSB/APB Supervisor

Reason for Changes o To adapt the same Technical & Competition rules for the 3 AIBA programs n n n o AOB = AIBA OPEN Boxing WSB = AIBA World Series Boxing APB = AIBA Professional Boxing The Technical Rules are effective March 11, 2013 3 3

Reason for Changes o Implement the no head guard rule for AOB like WSB and APB o Officially June 1, 2013 o All AIBA programs will implement the 10 point must scoring system 4 4

Youth (17 -18) Elite (19 -40) Weight Divisions 10 10 Rounds 3, 3 -minutes, 1 minute rest Headgear & Jerseys Yes No/Yes Jerseys Gloves 10 & 12 ounce Olympic Qualifying Events No Yes Highest Level Competition Youth Olympic Games Weights: 49 kg/108 lbs; 52 kg/114 lbs; 56 kg/123 lbs; 60 kg/132 lbs; 64 kg/141 lbs; 69 kg/152 lbs; 75 kg/165 lbs; 81 kg/178 lbs; 91 kg/201 lbs; 91+ kg/201+ lbs

Weigh-In 6

Weigh-In Rules o A general physical & weigh in will be conducted prior to the draw o Boxers must be clean shaven (no mustaches allowed or jewelry on body o At the general weigh-in a boxer shall not exceed the maximum of the boxer’s weight class nor be below the minimum of boxers weight class 7 7

Weigh-In Rules o Zero tolerance on any weight over designated weights o At the daily weigh-in (once the tournament starts), only the maximum weight limit should be controlled, not the minimum weight limit o A boxer will have only one opportunity to weigh in on the official scale 8 8

Weigh-In Rules o If a boxer is wearing a dressing on a cut, wound, abrasion, or laceration or blood is swelling on the scalp or the face including the nose or ears, the decision will be made by the ringside doctor examining the boxer on the day the boxer is competing o A test scale must be available and calibrated; the test scale must be the same as the official scale or the difference will be noted on the scale 9 9

Athletes 10

Hairnets/Caps o For all competitions other than Elite Men (female, men and youth, etc. ), it is mandatory for athletes with long hair to use a cap or hair net under the headgear 11 11

Gloves o AOB - 10 oz for Weight Categories n 49 kg – 64 kg Elite 108 - 141 o AOB - 12 oz for Weight Categories n 69 kg – 91+kg Elite 152 – 201+ o All other categories (female, youth and junior) – 10 oz gloves o AOB - Velcro Closure o The only licenses approved for AIBA competition gloves: n Top Ten/Adidas/Wesing/FBT 12 12

Hand Bandages o In all AOB competitions, boxers must use bandages from one of the AIBA official boxing equipment licensees o The bandages of each boxer must be checked and marked by the equipment manager at the equipment check table o Specifications o Bandages must not be longer than 4. 5 m (14. 76 feet), and not shorter than 2. 5 m (8. 2 feet); Bandages must be 5. 7 cm (2 1⁄4 inches) wide o Bandages must be made of stretchy cotton material with a velcro closure o USAB gauze and tape rules apply in the USA 13 13

Coaches

Coaches o 3 coaches are allowed in the corner n Only 2 may mount the ring apron n Only 1 may enter the ring o Coaches are allowed to give instructions in the corner and during round o Coaches can still be removed from the corner by the supervisor 15 15

Coaches o For a 1 st violation on any of above prohibited activities, Seconds will receive a caution o For a 2 nd violation on any of above prohibited activities, Seconds will receive a warning and be placed just outside of the FOP area but be allowed to remain the Competition Venue o For a 3 rd violation on any of the above prohibited activities, Seconds will be removed by the Supervisor for the rest of the day o If the Seconds are removed for a second time, Seconds will be completely suspended from the competition 16 16

Coaches o Instruction will be given in a controlled manner from the corner o No touching the ring during round o Coaches will only be able to use clear bottles of water in the corner 17 17

Coaches o In the event of a cut the seconds can use the following items during the rest period: § § § § Steri Strip Vaseline Surgical and adrenaline (1/1000) Collodion Thrombin Solution Micro Fibrilan Coloagen Gelfoam 18 18

New Scoring System 19

New Scoring System 20 20

Scoring System § The new scoring system is based on a 10 point must system that can be used either with a similar electronic scoring system as in the past or a manual mode (paper scoring) § When the electronic scoring system (ESS) is available, 5 judges will enter the field of play, their position around the ring will be randomly selected by ping pong balls numbered 1 through 5 § When using the manual system, 3 judges will enter the field of play, their position around the ring will be randomly selected by ping pong balls numbered 1 through 3 21 21

Scoring System o Just before starting the bout, the ESS will randomly select 3 judges out of the 5 to score the bout, only the scores of these 3 judges selected will be counted o When using the manual system, all 3 judges will be live o When using the ESS system, the judges will not know if they are live until the end of the bout when their names and scores are announced o At the end of each round, when using the ESS the judges will have 15 seconds to enter their score into the ESS scoring pad 22 22

Scoring System o The judge will select a winner after each round by hitting the red or blue button on the scoring pad or manually writing it on the score card, all judges will declare their winner, but only the 3 live judges scoring the bout will decide the outcome o Each of the judges must determine the winner of the round award a score of 10 - 9 or less, but not lower than 6, every round must have a declared winner no ties o Whether it is electronic or manual scoring, the supervisor will apply any warnings associated with the bout and make the proper adjustments manually on score cards o With the electronic scoring, they will inform the ESS tech to apply the warning and it will be noted in the equation 23 23

Scoring System o With manual scoring the proper adjustments will be made once the score cards have been collected (the judge’s full concentration must be dedicated to the bout without distractions) o If the bout is tied, the scoring pad will light up and blink indicating to the judge they have to select a winner o In the event of a tie when using the manual system, when the score card is turned in for the final round, a winner must be declared on the score card 24 24

Scoring System o If the computer system goes down prior to the bout starting, the supervisor will give the referee 5 scorecards to pass out to the judges; the supervisor will randomly select through the blind selection process (ping pong balls) 3 of the 5 judges to score the bout o If the scoring system goes down after the beginning of the first round, score cards will be handed out to all the judges, but only the 3 live judges scores will determine the winner o When scoring manually this will not be an issue 25 25

Manual Scoring System 26

Scoring Criteria o A boxer will be given value for the following scoring methodology: § Number of quality blows landed on the target area § Domination of the bout § Competitiveness – not giving up and continues to be competitive in the bout 27 27

Scoring Criteria q Technique q Clean, effective scoring blows with good style and form q Strategic and Tactical q Maneuver himself in the position to score q Out maneuver an opponent by ability to cut off the ring q Infringement of the Rules set forth by USA Boxing 28 28

Scoring System q The following scores are based on the new scoring criteria: • • 10 – 9 (Close Round) 10 – 8 (Clear Winner) 10 – 7 (Total Dominance) 10 – 6 (Overmatched) q The difference between the 10 point must system in AOB versus professional boxing is that a knock down in professional boxing will automatically win you the round q In AOB/USAB it’s just part of the equation and evaluation of the total performance of the round 29 29

Compulsory Count Limits o Elite men (19 – 40) after a maximum of three 8 counts in one round the bout will be stopped o No limit of the amount of 8 counts in a bout without exceeding 3 in a round o Women, youth and juniors will have a maximum of three 8 counts in one round and 4 in the bout 30 30

Boxer Knocked Down o In the event a boxer is knocked down at the end of a round, referee must continue the count until the boxer gets up o Should the referee count up to 10 the boxer will be deemed to have lost the bout by KO, the bell will not save the boxer 31 31

Decisions 32

Decisions o Points / Split or Unanimous o Technical Knock-Out – TKO o Technical Knock-Out Injury – TKO-I 33 33

Decisions o Disqualification – DQ o Knock-Out – KO o Walk-Over – WO 34 34

Decisions Points – Total Score o Unanimous Decision – 3 Judges – same winner o Split Decision 2 Judges – same winner and 1 Judge – Tie 2 Judges – same winner and 1 Judge – other winner 35 35

Decisions o If an injury caused by an unintentional foul occurs and as a result the contest is stopped by the referee, the judges will record the points gained by each boxer up to the time of the termination of the bout o The boxer who is ahead on points will be declared the winner of the bout on points in accordance with the scoring system o The round in which the bout is stopped will be scored, even if it is a partial round 36 36

Decisions - TKO Boxer retires o Coach throws the towel into the ring o o Doctor recommends to referee or supervisor to terminate the bout 37 37

Decisions - TKO o Outclassed o Low Blow o Boxer out of ring for more than 30 seconds 38 38

Boxer out of Ring o In the event of a boxer being knocked out of the ring, the boxer should be allowed thirty (30) seconds to come back into the ring without anyone’s assistance o In case the boxer is not able to come back into the ring within the above mentioned timeframe, the opponent shall be declared the winner of the bout by TKO 39 39

Decisions – TKO-I (Injury) o Injury by correct blows in any round i. e. boxer gets hit in the nose from a correct punch and they cannot control the nose bleed, the bout would be stopped o Unfit to continue – Injury (not necessarily by punch i. e. twisted ankle, shoulder pops out of place) 40 40

Decisions - Disqualification o 3 Warnings in bout o Flagrant Foul - Warning or DQ o Low Blow – Warning or DQ 41 41

New Low Blow Rule o After a low blow, if the offended boxer does not complain and the low blow was not hard or intentional, the referee makes a sign to signal the foul without interrupting the bout o After a low blow, if the offended boxer complains about the severity of the blow, the referee has 2 options: 1) Disqualifying the offender immediately, if an intentional and hard blow has been landed 2) Start an 8 count 42 42

New Low Blow Rule o After the 8 count, the Referee has 2 options: 1) If the boxer is fit to continue, the referee will issue a warning to the offender and the bout continues 2) The boxer is unfit to continue, the referee gives a certain amount of time to recover with a maximum of up to one and a half (1 1/2) minutes (90 Seconds) 43 43

New Low Blow Rule o After the above mentioned time frame, the referee has two options 1) If the boxer is fit to continue, the referee will give a warning to the offender and the bout continues 2) The boxer is unfit to continue, his opponent shall be declared the winner of the Bout by TKO 44 44

New Low Blow Rule Low Blow DQ 8 - count Boxer can continue = “Warning ” = Boxer cannot continue Boxer can continue = Warning Box = 1 ½ min. rest period Boxer cannot continue = Opponent wins by TKO 45 45

Decisions - KO q. Unfit to continue before the count of 10 when the boxer is down q. The referee suspends the count and summons the doctor in the ring when the boxer is down q. Double KO q Both boxers will lose the bout by KO 46 46

Decisions - Walkover q When a boxer is present in the ring fully attired for boxing and the opponent fails to appear after being announced and a maximum period of one minute has elapsed after the bell has been sounded the referee will declare the present boxer the winner by walkover q If the supervisor knows in advance that a boxer will not be present, he will cancel the procedure mentioned above and the announcer will announce the official result to the public 47 47

When A Tiebreaker Is Needed A tiebreaker will be needed in the following 3 situations: q 1 judge is tied & 2 judges select different winners q 2 judges are tied & 1 judge selects one winner q 3 Judges are tied 48 48

Boxer Knocked Down o In the event a boxer is knocked down at the end of a round, referee must continue the count until the boxer gets up o Should the referee count up to 10 the boxer will be deemed to have lost the bout by KO, the bell will not save the boxer 49 49

Cautions, Warnings & DQ’s o Gumshield Out – 3 times out due to correct blows will warrant an automatic warning o If the gumshield is deliberately spit out the boxer will receive an automatic warning 50 50

Cautions, Warnings & DQ’s o Cautions will be issued at the discretion of the referee, there will be no limit on the number of cautions that can be issued o Warnings will carry the weight of one point o If a boxer receives a referees warning the supervisor will record the warning in the scoring systems and each warning will reduce the total score of the offending boxer by one point 51 51

Cautions, Warnings & DQ’s o The boxer will be Disqualified after 3 rd warning o The referee can DQ a boxer at anytime for a flagrant foul o The supervisor or R/J evaluators have the right to caution, remove and disqualify a second who has infringed the rules 52 52

Compulsory Count Limits o Elite men (19 – 40) after a maximum of three 8 counts in one round the bout will be stopped o No limit of the amount of 8 counts in a bout without exceeding 3 in a round o Women, youth and juniors will have a maximum of three 8 counts in one round and 4 in the bout 53 53

Restrictions

Restrictions of a Knockout o In the event of no Loss of Consciousness (LOC), a minimum restriction of 30 days o In the event of LOC for less than one (1) minute, a minimum restriction of 90 days o In the event of LOC more than one (1) minute, a minimum restriction of 180 days o Any Boxer who suffers a second LOC within three (3) months of resuming boxing after a first LOC will have the previous medical restriction doubled 55 55

Restrictions of a Knockout Three Knockouts - A Boxer who has been knocked out as a result of head blows during a contest or the referee has stopped the contest due to the boxer having received hard blows to the head, making this Boxer defenseless or incapable of continuing three times in a period of 12 months, will not be permitted to take part in competitive boxing or sparring for one (1) year from the third Knockout 56 56

Restrictions of a Knockout o Any Boxer who suffers three (3) LOC’s within 12 months will be suspended for a minimum of 18 months from the date of the third LOC o Any Boxer who has a medical restriction must not train or spar during the restricted period o All protective measures will also apply if a Knockout and/or concussion occur during training or anywhere else -the Coach will be responsible to report to the National Federation. 57 57

Protest 58

Protests o A protest must be submitted by the team manager or the person with the highest position in the delegation or coach of the boxer no more than 30 minutes after the completion of the bout o A protest during the Finals of a competition must be submitted within 5 minutes of completion of the bout. The award ceremony will be postponed until the results of the evaluation are announced o The protest must be made in writing and handed to the supervisor giving clear reasons for the protest and specifying which rules were violated. The protest must only challenge the performances of the referee o No protest against judges’ decisions will be accepted o The protest fee is $500. An administrative fee of $150. 00 will be deducted from this amount and the remaining amount will be refunded if the protest is upheld. If the protest is rejected, the entire fee will not be returned to the party 59 59 protesting

Protests o The supervisor has the right to accept or reject the protest. The supervisor will inform the parties involved if the protest has been accepted or not. If the protest is rejected before being reviewed, the protest fee will be fully refunded o The evaluation must be conducted by the supervisor or deputy supervisors, if applicable referees’ evaluator and judges’ evaluator immediately after the session is completed o The supervisor or deputy supervisors must immediately inform both team managers verbally and thereafter in writing but no later than the weigh-in and medical examination of the next day o A video recording of the protested bout must be used in all AOB competitions to analyze the bout. Once a decision is taken, it is final and no further review will be allowed 60 60

Judges 61

Judges o Each judge will independently judge the merits of the two boxers using the new scoring system criteria o No judge will speak or give any sign to a boxer or to another judge or anyone else during the bout o No judge will leave their seat until the results have been announced to the public 62 62

Judges o ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Duties: Primary duty is to judge the bout according to criteria and rules Judges should judge independently and without bias Bring referee’s attention with anything the Referee may not have noticed as loose ropes, etc. Action should be done between the rounds May not speak to anyone during a bout May not give any sign to a boxer or judge May not leave seat until the decision is announced to the public Will use the 10 point must system for judging 63

Judges o Legal Scoring Blow � � � Knuckle surface Legal scoring area of body Weight of body or shoulder While not infringing a rule Clearly connected Must have clear vision of punch 64

Judges o Tips / Hints(1): ‒ Never rely on past performance, reputations or titles earned by a particular athlete. ‒ Boxers who swing their blows are liable to connect the target area with the inside of the glove ‒ Considerable amount of swinging blows do not connect with the knuckle part of the glove, and are therefore foul blows − Judge must not award points whenever a foul has been committed 65

Judges o Tips / Hints (2): ‒ Infighting may be described as the exchange of several blows when the Boxers are close together ‒ The Judges need to consider the combination blows ‒ DO NOT give credit for blows delivered if the boxer is infringing the rules 66

Judges o Tips (3): ‒ DO NOT be influenced by the crowd or by the corners ‒ DO NOT engage in conversations or other distractions during the contest - You need total concentration ‒ Give your undivided attention to the competing boxers ‒ Be prepared to advise the referee if needed 67

Referee 68

Referees The referee may now use a touch by hand to stop and break the bout or to separate the boxers 69 69

Referees o The referee will signal to the supervisor to start the bout only after checking to make sure all officials and ring doctor are in place o If the gum shield falls out a third time from correct blows the boxer will receive a mandatory warning o Boxers must have a headgear and vest that is either red or blue depending on assigned corner 70 70

Referees o Boxers will still wear jerseys o A boxer can not have tape on any part of their uniform o No electronic devices are allowed on the field of play by referees, judges or coaches n o This removes all impropriety of anyone disbursing information from the field of play Referee and judges may use surgical gloves 71 71

Referees o Duties (1): ‒ Primary Duty: The safety of both boxers throughout the bout ‒ To see that the rules and fair play are strictly observed ‒ To maintain control of the contest at all its stages ‒ To prevent a weak boxer from receiving undue and 72

Referees o Duties (2): ‒ When the Referee has disqualified a boxer or stopped the Bout, the Referee shall first inform the Supervisor which Boxer has been disqualified or the reason for which the Bout was stopped ‒ The Referee may consult the Ringside Doctor in respect of any injury to a Boxer 73

Referees o Center Ring / Prebout Instructions ‒ Short and to the point ‒ Confirm Authority ‒ Careful with the Heads ‒ Establish Waistlines ‒ Bout Specific Concerns 74

Referees o During Bout: Movement & Positioning ‒ Neutral, easy and calm ‒ Strive for the right distance between yourself and the boxers ‒ Stay Alert 75

Referees o During Bout: Movement & Positioning ‒ Shortening your distance when: Difficult and tough bouts Boxers infighting Ability of one boxer is in doubt Boxers moving towards/fighting on ropes There is a good deal of noise Sounds signaling that 10 seconds are left in the round 76 76

Referees During Bout: Movement & Positioning o ‒ Stay at the dominant or “open” side ‒ Positioning when both boxers are of the same stance: ‒ You can work both sides ‒ If one of the boxers appears to be fatigued or weak, work that open side whenever possible 77

Referees o During the Bout: One Minute Rest Period ‒ Full one-minute rest period ‒ Critical for boxers and their team ‒ Avoid interruptions ‒ Make eye contact with your team ‒ Observe and evaluate boxer ‒ Tidy yourself ‒ Be ready for the start of the next round ‒ Make sure corners are clean before starting the next round ‒ Is there drama going on in the corner 78

Referees o Fouls ‒ Has to decide about following: ‒ Accidental or Intentional foul ‒ Type of foul ‒ Point deduction ‒ Possible disqualification ‒ Continue bout or not ‒ You don’t always have to call time; do it especially for potentially harmful and unsafe situations 79

Referees Tips (1): Six Characteristics distinguish a great referee: o Good Judgment n. Knowledge of the Rules n. Movement and Positioning n. General Ring Mechanics n. Identify right time to start an eight count n. Identify the right time when to declare a TKO or KO n 80

Referees o Tips (2): ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Priorities of the duties: Safety of the boxers Uphold the rules Prevent either boxer from receiving any unnecessary blows Never allow spectator or any outside source to influence decision Be strict without being severe (Boxing is a sport) Never try to intimidate a boxer by ‘finger pointing’ when issuing a caution or warning 81

Referees o ‒ ‒ Tips (3): Be sure to use the ‘whole’ hand as this projects a better image and will maintain respect form the competitors In the ring, be as discreet as the bout allows you Move alertly around the ring: ‒ Avoid remaining in one position for long period thus obstructing the view of the Judges and onlookers and indeed not seeing as much of the contest as you should Never give commands, if Boxers have their back to you: ‒ Ensure you are in a correct position where the boxers fully understand your instruction, actions, or signals 82

Referees o Tips (4): Distinguish between “infighting” and “clinching o A clinch occurs when one or both boxers lead and for a moment their arms become locked together: n This is not a foul n A foul occurs when a boxer does not make an attempt to disengage from the clinch and continues to hold 83

Referees o Tips (5): ‒ Do not walk backwards; always move in a forward direction when possible ‒ Do not give the command “BREAK” too quickly or too often - ‒ “BREAK” command should be given when the boxers are slow in getting out of a clinch At the command “BREAK”, insist that “Both” boxers take a full step backwards 84

Referees o Tips (6): ‒ Avoid saying Stop or Break too often, unless it is because of a head butt ‒ After the verbal command of “Break”, it may be necessary to use the hands to touch and separate the Boxers ‒ At the end of the round, call “Stop” and wait for the Boxers to retire to their corners: - Do not turn your back on the Boxers, but move to the center of the ring, turn and back into the neutral corner 85

Referees o Tips (7): ‒ The Referees have to maintain control of the bout at all times to prevent cuts, injuries and concussions ‒ Acknowledge clashing of the heads ‒ Caution or Warn Boxers for Head Butting ‒ In case of an accidental clash of heads, allow one or both boxers to recover, then continue the bout without standing 8 -count, only Caution the two Boxers 86

Referees o Tips (8): ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Read the rules and the manual thoroughly before each assignment Practice the application of the rules in sparring sessions Attend seminars Keep physically fit and follow a clean lifestyle Be physically and mentally ready to officiate Tone up and stretch before each of your bouts Carefully watch the boxers during each round and in the intervals, keep an eye on the Ringside Doctor, Coaches, Judges, and the Supervisor during the intervals as well 87

Referees Four Words of Command o Stop – when calling for a temporary stop and when ordering boxers to stop boxing o Break – when breaking a clinch upon command each boxer shall take a step back before continuing to box § Time - when the referee needs to interrupt the bout for a longer period than 10 seconds using the command time will stop the clock § Box - when ordering boxers to resume boxing 88 88

Timekeeper 89

Timekeeper - Duties o Stop clock when referee says “Time” o Resume time when referee says “Box” o Signal 10 Seconds before the end of the round o Signal 10 Seconds before start of the next round 90 90

Timekeeper - Duties o Assist referee with the count The timekeeper must regulate the time for: (a) low blow o (b) boxer out of ring (c) LOC (loss of consciousness) (d) Must have extra stop watch o The timekeeper will be seated directly at the side of the ring next to the gong operator o Know your sounding devices 91 91

Announcer

Announcer Duties Official Announcer: o Announce the entrance of the Boxer ‒ Announce the Referee and Judges ‒ Announce 10 seconds before the end of rest-period - “Seconds Out” ‒ Announce the number of each round right after the start of each round ‒ Announce the final results at the end of the bout after receiving the official results from the Supervisor ‒ 93

Announcer 94

Field of Play

Management of Ring o Supervisor (Chief of Officials) o Deputy Supervisor (Ring Captain) o Referee/Judge Evaluator 96 96

R/J Evaluator • Duties: ‒ Meet together with the Supervisor, Referees and Judges, before and after the matches ‒ Review with the Supervisor or the Deputy Supervisor any accepted Protests 97

R/J Evaluator o At all events, the R&J Evaluators will evaluate the Referees and Judges. o This evaluation process will have different objectives: ‒ To select R&Js that will be used for next sessions ‒ To select R&J’s, whose performances are the best 98

Judges Evaluation 99

Referees Evaluation 100

Supervisor Rules • During the bouts, ensure controls the FOP n n n Approves the referees and judges for each bout Checks the positions of each judge in each bout Enters the warnings in the scoring system according to the warnings issued by the referee Confirms that the result of the bout is correct Gives the official result to the announcer 101

Supervisor Rules 102

Major Rules – AOB, APB, WSB RULE AOB Elite Men Count Limits Max 3 in 1 round No limit in 1 bout Count Limits Max 3 in 1 round Women, Youth & Max 4 in 1 bout Junior Seconds on Ringside 3 APB WSB Max 3 in 1 round No limit in 1 bout N/A 3 3 103

Major Rules – AOB, APB, WSB RULE AOB APB WSB 10 oz 49, 52, 56, 60, 64 10 oz 52 and 60 12 oz 69, 75, 81, 91, +91 12 oz 69, 81, 91, +91 Laces Velcro as per AOB Elite Men Gloves 10 oz all other age classifications Gloves Closure Velcro as per WSB 104

Major Rules – AOB, APB, WSB RULE AOB APB WSB Bandage 4. 5 meters stretchy cotton Vest YES NO NO Headguard Elite Men No headguard Effective on June 1 Grace period NO NO 12 meters gauze 2. 50 meters tape Annual Medical Submission online Certificate 105

Major Rules –AOB, APB, WSB RULE AOB APB WSB Competition Officials Supervisor Deputy Supervisor(s) Ringside Doctors ITOs R&J Management System Unique for all programs Coaches Management System Unique for all programs 106

Questions 107