Week 2 France as a Nation Colonialism and

Week 2 France as a Nation Colonialism and Immigration 09/03/2021 1

Multiculturalism and Republicanism Politics of equal dignity ≠politics of difference Politics of equal dignity = Freedom (non-denominational) = Liberté Absence of different roles = Egalité Tight common purpose = Fraternité 09/03/2021 2

Multiculturalism and Republicanism �Institutional recognition of separate or distinct identities �Specific treatment of pluralism �Integration ≠ assimilation 09/03/2021 3

Multiculturalism and Republicanism �Politics of dignity = same rights and immunities �Politics of difference = unique identity of individual/group, distinct from others 09/03/2021 4

Multiculturalism and Republicanism �Integration = each element counts equally �Assimilation = negates difference by absorbing foreign elements 09/03/2021 5

France as a Nation �Nation State: sovereign entity �State = political and geographical entity �Nation = cultural and/or ethnic entity �Nation-State = two coincide geographically

Nation-State � « an independent country, especially when thought of as consisting of a single large group of people all sharing the same language, traditions, and history” � https: //dictionary. cambridge. org/dictionary/english/nation-state

France as a Nation �Centralization �Central Government = uniform law and practices �Trade �National armies

France as a Nation �Nation → State �State → Embodiment of nation

Jacobinism �Indivisible national sovereignty �Role of the state as transformer of society �Administrative centralization �Equality of citizens through equal rights �Uniform education to ensure uniform political concept of citizen

France as a Nation �Powerful state + indivisible sovereign and public authority = prevents nation fragmenting into particular interests �Active citizen → is the nation �State = guarantor of national political identity

France as a Nation �Contractual society between state and nation �Not privileges �Individual no longer at mercy of destiny �Choice of national citizenry not ethnic, cultural or biological

French Republicanism �Democracy ≠ monarchy �Laïcité ≠ clericalism �Republicanism = social contract �Rousseau : general will

France as a Nation �Specific rights to ethnic/religious groups ≠ ideals of 1789 Revolution �Immigrant chooses to become citizen �Equal to native French �National sentiments not judged by ethnic/religious criteria �Mistrust of « right to difference »

Napoleon Bonaparte �Chaos of French Revolution �National Law Code established �National military created �France as nation-state able to dominate feudal neighbours �Other peoples rallied as nation to defeat Napoleon

French Republic � « La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale » �Republic is indivisible, secular, democratic, social

French Republic �One and indivisible = equal citizens, not separate communities �Social = Equality �Democratic = liberty �Secular = fraternity

French Republic �Nation = assembly of citizens united by common history, language, culture �Nation controls decisions to be made for common good

French Republic �Public service provides same access to knowledge, security, mobility. �Education, police, transport all public services

France’s colonial history 09/03/2021 21

09/03/2021 22

09/03/2021 23

09/03/2021 24

French Colonial History � 17 th century to late 1960 s � 2 nd largest in world �French widely-spoken colonial language 09/03/2021 25

French Colonial History �North America, Caribbean, India 17 th century �Lost in war with Britain in 18 th -19 th century 09/03/2021 26

French Colonial History �Carribean: Guadaloupe, Martinique �Compagnie de îles de l’Amérique (1635) �Plantations sustained through slavery � 1664: Saint Domingue (Haïti) 09/03/2021 27

French Colonial History 09/03/2021 28

French Colonial History � 19 th century : Africa – Asia �Moral crusade: � « the higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior races » (Jules Ferry, 1886) 09/03/2021 29

Africa 09/03/2021 30

09/03/2021 31

09/03/2021 32

Asia 09/03/2021 33

South Pacific 09/03/2021 34

Ottoman Empire 09/03/2021 35

French Colonialism �Mission Civilatrice � 19 th-20 th century: Civilising mission �Convert colonial subjects into French people �Evolué = adapted to French culture �mission civilisatrice 09/03/2021 36

09/03/2021 37

09/03/2021 38

09/03/2021 39

French Colonialism �Franco-Europeanisation �Nos ancêtres les gaulois �Equal French citizenship �Direct rule, assimilation �Barbarians could become part of humanity by assimilating �European population encouraged to settle 09/03/2021 40

09/03/2021 41

French Colonialism �Britain: indirect rule �Cultivated ethnic and cultural differences �Colonies administered by governor �Immensity of empire, weak role of army 09/03/2021 42

Attitudes to colonialism � 2005 bill : French law on colonialism �UMP imposed teaching of « positive values » of colonialism �Repealed by Chirac in 2006 �Law should not regulate textbooks 09/03/2021 43

09/03/2021 44

Macron Algeria 09/03/2021 45

France as « terre d’accueil » History of Immigration 09/03/2021 46

09/03/2021 47

History of Immigration � 19 th century: neighbouring countries �les pays voisins, les pays limitrophes �- Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Poland �Industrialization of France, north and east �- Manufacturing, construction, coal, steel, textiles 09/03/2021 48

History of Immigration � 1851 -61 : 30, 000 Belgians and Italians � 1906 -11 : 100, 000 Belgians and Italians �Italian and Spanish immigrants in south : agriculture 09/03/2021 49

History of Immigration 09/03/2021 50

History of Immigration �Mass immigration began in 1850 s under Second Empire ((18521870) �Economic expansion + industrial growth = demand for labour. �End 19 th century : 1. 1 million immigrants = 2. 6% of population 09/03/2021 51

History of Immigration �WWI (1914 -18) France recruited foreign workers for munitions factories. � 1931 half of all workers in mining Polish �Major population movements after redrawing of frontiers 09/03/2021 52

History of Immigration �Working immigrants (movements ouvriers) �Political refugees (refugiés politiques) �France turns to colonies for soldiers �(troupes indigènes) 09/03/2021 53

� http: //www. histoire-immigration. fr/dix-themes-pour- connaitre-deux-siecles-d-histoire-de-limmigration/emigrer/du-xixe-siecle-a-1914 09/03/2021 54

History of Immigration � 1921 -35 grande phase d’immigration � 1, 920, 000 people �- 33% Italians �- 32% Polish �- 8% Spanish 09/03/2021 55

History of Immigration �Political refugees �Italians after Mussolini �Spanish Civil War 1936 -39 �Armenians �Russians �Peak in 1931 = 7% of population, 2, 900, 000 people 09/03/2021 56

History of Immigration � 1930 s : economic depression �Repatriation �Decrease until 1950 s 09/03/2021 57

History of Immigration �Mid 1950 s: active recruitment of foreign workers �Reconstruction and dénatalité �Attempt to limit origins of immigrants to Europe �Agreements signed with Italy, Poland etc 09/03/2021 58

Immigration from the Colonies �Maghreb (Northwest Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia �Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal) �Indochina ( South-East Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) �DOM-TOM : Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana etc 09/03/2021 59

09/03/2021 60

09/03/2021 61

09/03/2021 62

France and Algeria �WWI: « native » troops recruited into French army �Temporary immigration �Algeria major settler colony �Land expropriation

France and Algeria �Prior to independence (1962) French nationals �Subjects, not citizens � 100, 000 in 1924 �Mining, iron, steel, car manufacture �Marseilles, Lyons, St Etienne, Strasbourg, Paris

France and Algeria �Stage 1: temporary, economic support to families �WWII: Statute of Algeria (1947): full citizenship for Algerian men �Unregulated passage between Algeria and France �Français-musulmans d’Algérie

France and Algeria �Stage 2: post-1947 � 1956: 300, 000 Algerians in France �Poor living conditions, shanty towns.

France and Algeria �Algerian War of Independence (1954 -62) �FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) funded through taxes on Algerians in France. �Represssive reaction in France �Reinforced support for FLN

France and Algeria �Maurice Papon 1958: organised repression of FLN �October 1961: curfew �Peaceful demonstrations attacked �Over 50 Algerians killed by security forces

� https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cs. ZNUHNg- VM

� Macron Algerie 09/03/2021 70

Immigration, integration �No recognition of individuals according to racial criteria �Nationals ≠non-nationals �Remain foreign, become French

Nationality Legislation �Filiation = droit du sang �Droit du sol (not automatic) �French if one parent born in France = double droit du sol �Algeria: French if one parent born in Algeria before independence

Nationality Legislation �Foreign born children can become French if parents naturalized �Residency in France for more than 5 years � 4 years of marriage

Nationality Legislation � 2011: applicants justify assimilation into French community �Test of assimilation, sign charter

� Muslim integration video