Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy Expanded Studies OBJECTIVES

Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy Expanded Studies

OBJECTIVES • • • Anatomical Terminology Planes of section Body cavities Abdominopelvic cavities Organ & organ systems Rat dissection

REMINDER: Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!

Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology The language of ANATOMY

Anatomical Position Describe the anatomical position: the body is erect the feet are on the floor toes forward upper appendages are at the sides palms forward face forward

Regional Terms Used to designate specific body areas AXIAL DIVISION (Torso) APPENDICULAR DIVISION (Limbs)

Otic Occipital Ox - sip it - alll Acromial A–crow-meal A-chrome-eel Ache-row-me -all Brachial Cervical Sir - Vickle Scapular Scapula bone S-cap-yule-la Skab-pew-la Break-ye-all Antebrachial Ante (anterior) Oh – tic (Tic-Toc) Oral speech Axillary Axel-airy Frontal “In FRONT of it ALL” Orbital “Eye ORB” Orbit - all Mammary Mammillary glands Ma’am Mary Olecranal Olé-crane-all “head of the elbow” Palmar Palm of the hand Pollux Poll-lucks Manus MANual Digital Femoral Femur bone Fee-more Sural Sir-all Calcaneal Calcaneus bone Cal-can-heal CALLus-can-heal Call-Cain-ye-all Dig-it-all Popliteal Pop-lit-tea-all Peroneal Per-O’Neal Fibular Fibula bone Fib-you-liar Coxal Carpal tunnel syndrome Cocks-all “Ox COX box” Car-pool Patellar Crural That’s a “cruel” word to pronounce Pedal Bike PEDAL Patella bone Pa-tell-her Tarsal bones Tar-sell Digital Dig-it-all

Nasal NASAL sound Buccal Vertebral “Buckle” VERTEBRAL column Mental (Think of the statue of The Thinker w/ hand on chin) Thoracic Lumbar Thoracic Cavity Thor-’acid’ LUMBAR support Antecubital ANTErior CUbe Sacral SACRed Sternal Sternum bone Stir-’n-um Abdominal Abdomen Umbilical Pelvic Umbilical cord Gluteal Gluteus maximus Glue-tea-all Perineal Per-any-all Plantar PLANT the foot down Pubic Self-explanatory Pelvis Inguinal “Pen. GUIN” Hallux Hal-lucks

1 13 9 15 2 10 16 3 4 17 5 18 14 6 11 19 7 8 12 20 21

Directional Terms Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure. Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position.

Superior: above Inferior: below Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head Caudal: toward the tail The head is superior to the neck. The normal birth position for a human baby is cephalic. The bladder is inferior to the stomach. A caudal epidural is an injection at the base of the spine.

Anterior: front Posterior: behind Ventral: belly side Dorsal: A tumor was found on the ventral side of the stomach. backside The posterior surface of the human leg is its dorsal surface. What is the position of the gluteal region to the inguinal region? Posterior What is the position of the sternum (breast bone) to the spine? Anterior

Superficial (External): toward the surface of the body Deep (Internal): away from the surface of the body Superficial (External) Deep (Internal) The skin is superficial (external) to The brain is the bones. deep (internal) to the skull.

Medial: Lateral: Intermediate: toward the midline away from the midline between a medial and a lateral structure Medial Lateral Intermediate * Is the ear medial or lateral to the eye? * What is the eye to the nose and ear? Intermediate

Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk Proximal Distal Would the region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the tibia (shin) be the proximal or distal end of the femur? * See skeleton

Another look… (Ventral)

Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds. (Difference between Superior and Cephalic, for example) Superior = Above Dorsal = Backside Front Behind Anterior Cranial (Cephalic) Posterior Caudal the tail the head Inferior = Below Ventral = Bellyside

Biped vs. Quadruped SUPERIOR CEPHALIC A N T E R I C E P H A L I C P DORSAL V E N T R A L D O R S A L C A U D A L O S T E R VENTRAL O I O R R CAUDAL INFERIOR

Objective 2 Planes (Sections) An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes. These planes are: • Sagittal (para, mid) • Transverse • Frontal / Coronal

Sagittal: divides a structure into right and left portions Midsagittal: produces equal right and left portions Parasagittal: produces unequal right and left portions Head Midsagittal (Median) Parasagittal Sagittal = Side Thorax, female Parasagittal Midsagittal would show the heart

Transverse: divides a structure into superior and inferior portions; also called a horizontal, horizontal or cross section Brain Thorax Transverse = Top & Bottom

Frontal: divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal Brain Thorax Frontal = Front & Back

Identify the plane of section of each: Transverse / Horizontal / Cross section Frontal (Mid)sagittal Frontal If you do not understand this one, please see the diagrams of the heart in your Textbook, Ch. 18.

Objective 3 a Body Cavities A body cavity is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera). Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity There are two major body cavities: • Dorsal Cavity • Ventral Cavity

Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity which houses the brain and the spinal (vertebral) cavity which houses the spinal cord Cranial cavity contains brain Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity contains spinal cord

Ventral Cavity: includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic cavity contains heart and lungs Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity: is subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal cavity contains digestive viscera Pelvic cavity contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Pelvic and Abdominal cavities • The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated from one another by the respiratory diaphragm • The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are separated from one another by an imaginary line called the pelvic inlet – The boundaries of this imaginary line are the bones that make up the pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic cavity

The Pelvic Inlet

Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity Superior to the diaphragm Viscera there include the heart, lungs, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus Abdominopelvic Cavity Inferior to the diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Viscera there include The stomach, liver, Gall bladder, spleen, Pancreas, kidney, Ureters, small Intestine, and most Of the large intestine Viscera there include The urinary bladder, Internal organs of Reproduction, urethra (in women), and Some portions of the Large intestine

Objective 3 b Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal. EPI = upon GASTR = stomach HYPO = below beneath CHONDRO = cartilage LUMBAR = loins (3 -D) ILIUM = upper pelvis

In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside? Liver Gall bladder Vermiform appendix Spleen Left Kidney Testis Not inside the ventral cavity

Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system. See Textbook for answers

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure.

Yes The rat will be on the practical, too

Some structures you will be identifying: Cavity? Thoracic Cavity? Abdominal Different from human body: Pay attention to: - Thymus gland - Respiratory Diaphragm - Cecum & Large intestine - Serous membrane - Uterine horns - Mesentary

Thymus 1 ? Gland (Right) Lung Heart Respiratory 3 Diaphragm ? Liver 2? Uterine horn (pregnant) Stomach Intestines

trachea esophagus 1? ascending aorta 2? Superior vena cava heart lung

1? pancreas 2? (small) cecum (large)

urinary bladder ovary s s a V ? ren 3 efe d testis 2? ary urin er d blad bo ut dy o er us f e uterin? 1 horn

Got all that? Time to practice….

Sample Questions Identify the anatomical region indicated ? Antecubital

Sample Questions Identify the directional term proximal The patellar region is ________ to the tarsal region.

Sample Questions Identify the organ, organ system and its plane of section (1) 1. Kidney 2. Urinary 3. Frontal (2) (3)

Sample Questions Identify the organ and the specific cavity it resides in Spinal Cord Vertebra l

Sample Questions Identify the abdominopelvic region Right Hypochondriac

Sample Questions Identify the organs 2 Adrenal gland 1 Kidney