Wednesday APES AP exam fees due March 9

Wednesday - APES AP exam fees due March 9 Cookie Lab today Pick up tests for test corrections during period Measure radish plants Chem poster due Friday ◦ 2 pictures included

Cookie Mining The economics of mining. Purchasing: land, mining equipment Paying for: operations & reclamation

Mass Instructions cookie Mass graph paper Place cookie on graph paper – mining area Don’t use your hands, only tools ◦ Toothpicks, paper clips Following instructions 1 -17 Record on side 2 Keep graph paper for lab journal Write information on graph paper as needed

Thursday - APES AP exam fees due March 9 Pick up lab journals Pick up tests for test corrections (due Mon. ) Cookie Lab follow up Measure radish plants Chem poster due Friday ◦ 2 pictures included Discussion Ch. 16 (details on back)

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Finding Buried mineral Deposits Aerial photos/satellite images – outcroppings Radiation-measuring – detect deposits (uranimum) Magnetometer – magnetic field changes caused by magnetic minerals (iron ore) Gravimeter – differences in density of ore and surrounding rock

Finding Buried mineral Deposits Underground: Drilling a deep well/extracting core samples Seismic surveys – shock waves, rock bed composition Chemical analysis – water/plants, detects deposits

Removing Buried Mineral Deposits Surface mining (p. 341) Shallow deposits removed Strip away overburden – soil/rock (spoils) 90% nonfuel mineral, 60% coal 1. Open-pit – dig a hole 2. Dredging scrape up underwater deposits 3. Area strip mining – trench digging, cover back with overburden 4. Contour strip mining – power shovel, cuts terraces 5. Mountaintop removal – explosives, huge machines; rubble streams (env. damage)

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Requires co. to restore land to original usage

Subsurface mining - Deep deposits p. 342 Removes coal, metal ores Deep vertical shaft, tunnels Environ. Disturbance – minimal Warning: subsidence (cave ins), black lung disease

Environmental effects of use Enormous amt. energy Land disturbance - scarring Soil erosion Air/water pollution ◦ Acid mine drainage – 40% west. watersheds

Acid Mine Drainage -impact on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. http: //www. earth. uwaterloo. ca/services/whaton/s 06_amd. html The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulation of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

Life Cycle – Mineral ore Extracting fig. 16 -15 – removal from earth’s crust Purifying – separating ore from gangue (waste) ◦ Tailings – piles of waste Smelting – separate metal from other elements Converted to product

Phase in Full-Cost Pricing Include cost of environ. harm in price of goods made from minerals

Mineral Supplies – p. 345 Available/affordable Economically depleted: ◦ Costs more to find, extract, transport, process than it’s worth Recycle/reuse Wastes less Use less Find a substitute Do without

New Technology – Nanotechnology Atomic/molecular level technology Manipulate atoms 1 -100 nm wide ◦ Medicines ◦ Solar cells ◦ Buckyballs – soccer ball shape carbon Cosmetics/sun screen ◦ Little environmental damage Unintended consequences ◦ Smaller – more reactive ◦ More toxic potentially ◦ Fish – brain damage w/in 48 hrs. Precautionary principal

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www. bio. miami. edu/beck/esc 101/Chapter 14&15. ppt

Minerals -Commonly Found: fault lines – divergence/convergence (oceanic & continental crust) magma risen to the surface hot spots & hydrothermal vents (ocean) manganese nodules - ocean floor. small underwater volcanoes - copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold & other metallic minerals. evaporite mineral deposits –dissolved by ground water -left in lakes - water evaporates

APES – Monday test corrections in box Lab Today – Part 2 Extracting Copper from Malachite Cookie and Copper Labs Due Thursday, 3/8 AP exam fees due next Friday, 3/9 Daily Light Savings Time – this weekend

Extracting Metal From a Rock: Chemically refine malachite to produce copper. Part 1: Dissolve the Copper Cu. CO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Cu. SO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)

Monday Part 2: Retrieving the Copper Cu. SO 4 (aq) + 2 Fe (s) 3 Cu (s) + Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 (aq)

Write up Purpose Follow write up instructions Procedure Part 1 – 4 sentences Part 2 – 4 sentences Results: (qualitative/quantitative) Part 1 data tables Part 2 data tables Discussion Questions: 7 Conclusion