Wednesday 3817 AIM How does biotechnology help investigate

Wednesday 3/8/17 • AIM: How does biotechnology help investigate the living world? • DO NOW: What is biotechnology? Can you give examples and explain how they have helped us? • HOMEWORK: RRB read page 126. Answer q 10 -13 pgs 128 -129

What is biotechnology? • Any use or alteration of an organisms cells or biological molecules for specific goals

Uses of biotechnology • Develop new products • Assist in plant and animal breeding • Cure or prevent disease • Production of therapeutic proteins • Production of edible vaccines • Enhance or better quality of life

Genetic Engineering • manipulation of an organism's genetic material to modify the proteins it produces • More direct methods for modifying a genome • Delete, add or change whole or parts of genes

Purpose of genetic engineering • See how cells and or genes work • Develop treatments for disease • Produce desired biological molecules • Improve plants and animals for agriculture

GENETIC ENGINEERING 1. ) Biotechnology refers to technology used to manipulate DNA. 2. ) The procedures are often referred to as genetic engineering.

GENETIC ENGINEERING 3. ) DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms. • All organisms use the same genetic code (A, T, C, G).

Examples of biotechnology • Selective breeding • Human genome project • Recombinant DNA • DNA Fingerprint • Gel electrophoresis • Gene therapy • Cloning • Stem cell research

I. Selective Breeding 1. ) Selective breeding = The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations. • Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits 2. ) People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.

II. Human Genome Project (HGP) 1. ) HGP = Map of all 30, 000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes (1988 -2003) • Information has led to many advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture, bio-engineering 2. ) An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell

Creating Recombinant DNA

III. RECOMBINANT DNA 1. ) Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA from the two DIFFERENT organisms. • Can be used for creating transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and cloning.

III. RECOMBINANT DNA 2. ) Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. 3. ) A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacterium

4. ) Making Recombinant Bacteria a. ) Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). b. ) Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes (RE)”. • Restriction enzymes were discovered in bacteria. • Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria

Thursday 3/9/17 • AIM: How is recombinant DNA made? • DO NOW: Why do geneticists make recombinant DNA? • How is it helpful? • HOMEWORK: textbook read 366 -367. q 1 and 2 pg 371

Examples of biotechnology • Selective breeding • Human genome project • Recombinant DNA • DNA Fingerprint • Gel electrophoresis • Gene therapy • Cloning • Stem cell research

Cloning a gene

4. ) Making Recombinant Bacteria • Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been isolated • Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a SPECIFIC base sequence.

4. ) Making. Recombinant Bacteria • For example, Eco. RI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below

The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces.

• Fragments of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have unpaired nucleotides at the ends called sticky ends. Sticky ends have complimentary bases, so they could rejoin.

4. ) Making Recombinant Bacteria c. ) Cut the gene of interest from the organism’s DNA with same “restriction enzyme” (RE).

4. ) Making Recombinant Bacteria d. ) Combine the “sticky ends” of the two DNA pieces together with DNA ligase (enzyme) – also known as gene splicing. • This creates a vector = a DNA molecule used to carry a gene of interest from one organism to another.

• Plasmids & viruses are the most commonly used vectors

4. ) Making Recombinant Bacteria e. ) Insert vector into bacteria. f. ) The bacteria can now reproduce the recombinant DNA. g. ) The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

Monday 3/27/17 • AIM: How does a DNA fingerprint identify relatedness? • DO NOW: Go to your notes from 3/8/17 and list all the different types of biotechnology processes pick one to explain in detail • HOMEWORK: Textbook read pgs 372 -374. Answer reading check question on pg 374. Q 2 pg 379

Examples of biotechnology • Selective breeding • Human genome project • Recombinant DNA • DNA Fingerprint • Gel electrophoresis • Gene therapy • Cloning • Stem cell research

5. ) Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria • Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.

5. ) Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria • Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

Assessment • In your own words explain how recombinant DNA is made

IV. GENETIC ENGINEERING: DNA Fingerprinting 1. DNA fingerprinting Recombinant DNA techniques are used in DNA fingerprinting

How is the DNA cut up in the first step of making a DNA fingerprint? Restriction enzymes

V. Genetic Engineering: Gel electrophoresis • Purpose is to separate the fragments of DNA • Separation is based on size and charge • Add electricity to the agarose gel containing fragmented DNA samples • Like charges repel • Small fragments move quickest • Each line represents a different fragment of DNA

Making a DNA fingerprint • Step 1: Use restriction enzymes to cut up all of the DNA in the nucleus • Step 2 : Place the fragmented DNA into a well of an gel (agarose) plate • Step 3: Apply electric charge which will separate the fragments based on size • Smaller fragments move fastest

• Based on the DNA fingerprint, is the defendant guilty or innocent? • How do you know?

Tuesday 3/28/17 • AIM: How do scientists use genes in research? • DO NOW: 1 - Explain what a DNA fingerprint is and how it is made. • 2 - Explain how gel electrophoresis helps create a DNA fingerprint. • HOMEWORK: Text read pages 368 -370. Answer reading check question on page 369. Q 3 pg 371

V. Genetic Engineering: Gel electrophoresis • Purpose is to separate the fragments of DNA • • • Separation is based on size and charge Add electricity to the agarose gel containing fragmented DNA samples Like charges repel Small fragments move quickest Each line represents a different fragment of DNA

PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction • Makes multiple copies of a DNA sample • Allows you to analyze a single gene in large quantitites • Sometimes if a small sample is gathered, you need to copy it

VI. GENETIC ENGINEERING: What Can We Do With Genes? Gene therapy: A "normal" gene is inserted into the genome to replace an "abnormal, " disease-causing gene.

Gene Therapy • In the future, may be used treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery. • Types of gene therapy: • Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene • Inactivating, or “knocking out, ” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly. • Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.

Gene Therapy • Currently, the only way for you to receive gene therapy is to participate in a clinical trial. • Clinical trials are research studies that help doctors determine whether a gene therapy approach is safe for people.

Gene Therapy • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has NOT yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale.

Wednesday 3/29/17 9

APPLICATIONS One type of gene therapy procedure

Risk Factors of Gene Therapy • Unwanted immune system reaction. Your body's immune system may see the newly introduced viruses as intruders and attack them (inflammation & organ failure). • Targeting the wrong cells. Viruses cold infect healthy cells and cause other illnesses, including cancer.

Risk Factors of Gene Therapy • Infection caused by the virus. Viruses may recover their original ability to cause disease. • Possibility of causing a tumor. If the new genes get inserted in the wrong spot in your DNA, there is a chance that the insertion might lead to tumor formation.

Wednesday 3/29/17 • AIM: How are stem cells used in genetic engineering? • DO NOW: What is a clone? • 2 - Explain how clones are made. • HOMEWORK: QUIZ tomorrow Biotechnology: notes from 3/7, 3/8 and this week

VII. GENETIC ENGINEERING: What Can We Do With Genes? Gene cloning: Creating genetically IDENTICAL copies

• Ex: Dolly (1996 -2003)- it took 276 attempts before successful

Why would cloning be a disadvantage for a species survival? NO VARIATION within the species so if nature changes drastically, there may be no variants to survive!!!! Species becomes EXTINCT!

V. Genetic Engineering: Gel electrophoresis • Purpose is to separate the fragments of DNA • • • Separation is based on size and charge Add electricity to the agarose gel containing fragmented DNA samples Like charges repel Small fragments move quickest Each line represents a different fragment of DNA

Wednesday 3/29/17 pd 1 • AIM: How are stem cells used in genetic engineering? • DO NOW: 1 -What is a stem cell? • 2 - Where do stem cells come from? • 3 - How are stem cells useful • HOMEWORK: QUIZ Biotechnology tomorrow

DO NOW • Stem cell: undifferentiated cell • Umbilical cord • Aborted fetus • Fertilized ova: 5 days old

VIII. GENETIC ENGINEERING: Stem cell research Stem cells: undifferentiated cell can be used to generate any type of specialized cell in the human body • The goal is to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease.

VIII. GENETIC ENGINEERING: Stem Cell source • Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days. • Aborted fetus Stem Cells

Umbilical cord • rich in stem cells that can morph into all sorts of blood cells • which can be used to treat diseases that harm the blood and immune system • • leukemia certain cancers sickle-cell anemia some metabolic disorders

GENETIC ENGINEERING: What is the controversy over stem cell research? • The extraction process destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of ethical concerns. • Researchers hope that stem cells can be a treatment for heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases.

GENETIC ENGINEERING: What Can We Do With Genes? Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) = are organisms with artificially altered DNA. Type of recombinant DNA

Unit Assessment