WECC and NERC Protection Criteria and Standards i

WECC and NERC Protection Criteria and Standards i. PC GRID Gene Henneberg March 26 -28, 2014

WECC PRC Standard PRC-004 -WECC-1 Protection System and Remedial Action Scheme Misoperation Ø More rigorous than related NERC standards Ø 40 specific “Paths” and 27 “RAS” to which the standard applies Ø Redundancy and Functionally Equivalent Protection Systems (FEPS) Ø Specific response times following suspect events or misoperations

WECC PRC Criteria PRC-(012 -014)-WECC-CRT-1, -2 Remedial Action Scheme Review and Assessment Plan Ø WECC Criteria implements requirements for NERC fill-in-the-blank, “FIB” standards Ø RAS technical requirements Ø RAS review process Ø RAS database Ø RAS periodic assessments Ø Classifications of RAS

WECC Types of RAS Ø Wide Area Protection Scheme (WAPS) Ø Local Area Protection Scheme (LAPS) Ø Safety Net (SN)

WECC RAS Database Western Interconnection has over 40% of the SPS/RAS that have been reported to NERC by all Regional Entities ØWAPS – 63 ØLAPS – 187 ØSN – 17 ØTotal WECC RAS – 267

WI RAS Purpose, Arming, and Triggers 225 197 PURPOSE ARMING CONTINGENCY TRIGGER DETECTION RAS with Identifying Data = 249 150 141 125 Total RAS for Power Flow, Voltage & Stability Mitigation = 283 Total Arming Methods = 111 94 100 76 34 25 25 28 17 10 24 5 4 U / O Voltage Thermal OC / MW / MVA Protection Trip Line or Xfmr Loss Nomogram MW / Amps Flow Configuration Power Flow, Voltage and/or Stability Voltage Control 0 2 1 Acceleration 44 Out of Step 42 50 Under Frequency 75 Power Flow Number of Schemes in the Category 175 Directional 200 Scheme Purpose, Type of Arming and Contingency Detection

11 Type of Remedial Action 35 5 Out of Service (No Action) 3 Other Actions 9 Brake Insertion Series Capactitor & Reactor Switching 25 Shunt Capacitor & Reactor Switching 6 Load Shed or Rejection 122 System Islanding 100 Configuration Changes 1 HVDC Ramp 0 Excitation Forcing Fast Valve & Generator Ramp 125 Generator Trip 75 Multiple Actions Number of Schemes that take Particular Actions WI RAS Actions 150 Total In-Service RAS Reported = 267 Total RAS Action Types Reported = 362 94 70 61 50 32 24

WI RAS Installations and Removals 30 Identified New RAS Installation Dates = 271 Identified RAS Removal Dates = 29 24 25 23 21 20 22 18 16 12 11 16 15 15 15 13 12 11 9 5 1 2014 0 2013 0 2012 2002 0 2011 2001 Year 0 2010 2000 0 2009 0 2008 0 2007 0 2 2006 0 1 2005 0 2004 0 1 2003 0 1995 -1999 4 1990 -1994 0 4 1980 s 4 1970's or Before 5 6 5 00 00 2016 7 2015 10 No Entry Schemes Installed or Removed During This Period 26

NERC PRC Standards Address all reliability aspects of Bulk Electric System (BES) protection systems. Several recent and in-progress standards: � Coordination between entities � Maintenance � Event data collection and analysis � Misoperations � Loadability � UFLS � UVLS � SPS/RAS

Under Voltage Load Shedding Consolidate and revise four existing standards. . . Ø Assessment of the design and effectiveness of UVLS Ø UVLS database Ø UVLS Program data Ø UVLS performance

Under Voltage Load Shedding. . . with objects including Ø Address FERC orders Ø Remove Regions from applicability Ø Consolidate the standards Ø Centrally-controlled UV schemes not to be included Ø Results-based standard that addresses current reliability issues

Under Voltage Load Shedding New UVLS definition proposed Undervoltage Load Shedding Program (UVLS Program): An automatic load shedding program consisting of distributed relays and controls used to mitigate the risk of Cascading, voltage instability, voltage collapse, or uncontrolled separation resulting from undervoltage conditions. Centrally‐controlled undervoltage‐based load shedding is not included.

Under Voltage Load Shedding The proposed UVLS definition effectively excludes centrally controlled voltagebased load shedding schemes with voltage inputs from multiple locations or other types of inputs. These schemes are proposed to be regulated as Special Protection Systems (SPS), and included in that new definition.

System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) � � The IEEE PSRC indicates that SIPS encompasses Special Protection Systems (SPS), Remedial Action Schemes (RAS), as well as additional schemes such as, but not limited to, under frequency (UF), under voltage (UV), out-of-step (OOS) relaying, etc. 2009 PSRC survey listed 25 specific mitigation methods to aid in consistently classifying responses to the survey

Special Protection Systems (SPS) The NERC definition of SPS has similarities to the IEEE SIPS, An automatic protection system designed to detect abnormal or predetermined system conditions, and take corrective actions other than and/or in addition to the isolation of faulted components to maintain system reliability. . Also known as Remedial Action Scheme (RAS). However. . .

Special Protection Systems (SPS) The NERC definition of SPS is different from SIPS primarily in that is excludes certain types of schemes Ø Under frequency or under voltage load shedding Ø fault conditions that must be isolated Ø out-of-step relaying protection

NERC Regions SPS Variety All eight NERC Regions use different review procedures and varying definitions of SPS and SPS misoperations.

NERC SPS Standards Existing PRC-012, PRC-013, and PRC-014 Ø FERC concluded that they are not legally enforceable (fill in the blank, FIB, standards) Ø NERC will eventually re-write all FIB standards Ø Assign responsibility to Regions to identify how SPS/RAS are reviewed and tracked SDT to write SPS standards just formed Ø SAR comment period closed March 19

NERC SPS Drafting Team First official business is to propose a new SPS definition Ø Ø Based on 2013 NERC white paper proposal Normal NERC standards development process to be followed Coordinated, posted, reviewed and balloted in conjunction with the UVLS proposed definition Estimated BOT approval November 2014

Proposed New SPS Definition Ten Additional exclusions compared to the present SPS definition Must be coordinated with the proposed new UVLS definition Informal public comments accepted through April 9 http: //www. nerc. com/pa/Stand/Pages/Proje ct-2010 -05_2%E 2%80%93 Special-Protection. Systems. aspx

Proposed New SPS Definition Four scheme classifications: Planning or Extreme events having Significant or Limited BES impact (PS, PL, ES, EL) Ø Planning or Extreme events from TPL standards for system performance for various types of contingencies Ø Significant or Limited impact based on Ø 300 MW non-consequential Load Ø Generation at risk (rating of largest unit within interconnection) Ø Loss of synchronism with more than a single plant Ø Negatively damped oscillations

New SPS Standards NERC primary objectives include: Ø Define SPS misoperations and reporting responsibilities Ø Describe SPS review and approval process Ø Identify data included in the SPS database Ø Identify periodic assessment requirements Ø Assign each Entity’s responsibilities

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