Weather Instruments Predicting the Weather o Importance o

Weather Instruments

Predicting the Weather o Importance o Weather changes o Storm / tornado warnings o Everyday necessity o Tools to Predict o o o Thermometer Barometer Anemometer Rain gauge Weather vane Hygrometer

Thermometer • Measures the temperature in degrees Celsius °C or degrees Fahrenheit °F • Galileo invented the first thermometer in the late 1600 s. • Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first reliable mercury thermometer in 1714

Temperature • You will usually see temperature measured in °F for maps of the United States • Maps of foreign countries will usually be measured in °C Ed. Heads’ Temperature Converter

Barometer • Measures atmospheric pressure in Millibars or Pounds per square inch (PSI) • A barometer can also be used by pilots as an altimeter, because as a pilot flies upward, the pointer gives the altitude above sea level. • Changes in air pressure indicate changes in weather patterns. • The first barometer was made in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian physicist

Anemometer • Measures wind speed in miles per hour (mph) or kilometers per hour (kph) • In 1850, Dr. Thomas Romney Robinson invented the anemometer that used four metal cups.

Rain Gauge • Measures the amount of rain in millimeters (mm) or inches (in). • Determine if your area is at risk of flooding • In 1441 droughts plagued the Chosen Dynasty and King Sejong directed every village to measure the amount of rainfall, hence the rain gauge

Weather Vane • Measures wind direction by pointing towards North, East, South or West • The earliest recorded weather vane honored the Greek god Triton, and adorned the Tower of the Winds in Athens which was built by the astronomer Andronicus in 48 B. C. • The word "vane" actually comes from the Anglo-Saxon word "fane", meaning "flag". • America's first documented weather vane maker was Deacon Shem Drowne who created the famous grasshopper vane atop Boston's Faneuil Hall in 1742

Hygrometer • Measures the amount of humidity • A hygrometer actually uses human hair to tell how much humidity is in the air. – It contains blonde human hairs – As the relative humidity increases, the hairs increase in length and operate the recording mechanism.

Satellites · Satellite images are used for seeing cloud patterns and movements. · For example, hurricane clouds and movement can be observed using satellite images. Radar · Radar images can be used to detect cloud cover, rainfall or storm location, intensity, and movement, as well as the potential for severe weather (for example, hurricanes or tornadoes).

A front is the boundary separating air masses of different densities ü Fronts extend both vertically and horizontally in the atmosphere

1. Cold Front: The zone where cold air is replacing warmer air • In U. S. , cold fronts usually move from northwest to southeast • Air gets drier after a cold front moves through

Warm Front: The zone where warm air is replacing colder air • In U. S. , warm fronts usually move from southwest to northeast • Air gets more humid after a warm front moves through

Stationary Front: When either a cold or warm front stops moving • When the front starts moving again it returns to either being a cold or warm front

• High pressure causes air to sink • Usually results in several days of clear sunny skies • Air rises in low pressure areas and forms water droplets • Can results in rain and storms

• High pressure systems usually signal more fair weather with winds circulating around the system in a clockwise direction. • Low pressure systems with counterclockwise circulating winds often result in rainy and/or stormy weather conditions. HEAVY LIFT

Weather Map Pressure & Temperature

Weather Symbols • Each city in Arizona has a specific weather forecast. • Use the weather symbols to label the map of Arizona.

Weather Symbols • Used by meteorologists to forecast the weather • Helpful to predict weather and issue warnings, watches, or advisories • Can be seen on weather reports, television, or in newspapers • Are placed on weather maps.

Arizona’s Weather o Flagstaff o Complete overcast o Wind speed is 18 -22 knots o Thunderstorm o Kingman o Stationary front o Stratocumulus clouds o Grand Canyon o Thin altostratus in bands o Wind speed is 1 -2 knots o Cloud cover is 2/10 o Tucson o Low pressure o Drizzle o Overcast with openings o Phoenix o Calm winds o Cumulus of fair weather o Lake Havasu City o Stratocumulus clouds o Warm Front o High pressure

Grand Canyon Kingman Flagstaff • Lake Havasu City H Phoenix Answers Tucson L

Arizona’s Weather Create a map of Arizona that includes 15 different weather symbols.