Weak Strong Forms we saw stressed and unstressed
- Slides: 75
Weak & Strong Forms
we saw stressed and unstressed syllables in individual words
something similar happens in complete sentences
Where are you from?
Where are you from? I’m from London.
Where are you from? I’m from London.
Where are you from? I’m from London.
Where are you from? I’m from London.
ɒ Where are you from? ə I’m from London.
Are they from Italy?
Are they from Italy? Yes, they are.
Are they from Italy? Yes, they are.
Are they from Italy? Yes, they are.
Are they from Italy? Yes, they are.
ə Are they from Italy? ɑː Yes, they are.
some words have two pronunciations
a weak form from / frəm / are / ə /
and a strong form from / frɒm / are / ɑː /
the weak form is the usual pronunciation
the weak form is the usual pronunciation it’s used when the word is unstressed
the strong form is used only when the word is stressed
the strong form is used only when the word is stressed eg. when it’s the last word
the vowel is simplified (in most cases) to ə or ɪ
which words have weak and strong forms?
prepositions
prepositions auxiliary verbs
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns conjunctions
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns conjunctions articles
prepositions auxiliary verbs modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns conjunctions articles
prepositions ‘grammar’ auxiliary verbs words modal verbs pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns conjunctions articles
which words only have strong forms?
nouns
nouns main verbs
nouns main verbs adjectives
nouns main verbs adjectives adverbs
nouns main verbs adjectives adverbs
nouns main verbs adjectives adverbs ‘meaning’ words
prepositions weak form strong form from frəm frɒm to tə tuː at ət æt in ɪn ɪn on ɒn ɒn
aux. verbs weak form strong form am əm æm are ə ɑː have həv hæv had həd hæd does dəz dʌz
modal verbs weak form strong form can kən kæn will wɪl would wəd wʊd shall ʃəl ʃæl must məst mʌst
articles weak form strong form a ə eɪ an ən æn the ðə ðiː
4 situations where weak forms become strong
the end of the sentence
Where are you from?
Yes, I am?
No, I’m not?
auxiliary or modal substitutes or includes the main verb
I can’t speak German but my friend can.
Do you like English coffee? No, I don’t.
negatives
I can’t speak German.
You aren’t listening.
NB
I’m not listening.
the stress is always on ‘not’ even when it’s abbreviated
double stress for emphasis
I do like your hat!
I didn’t crash my car!
I didn’t crash my car. I crashed hers!
I drove her to the supermarket in my car. Usually…
I drove her to the supermarket in my car. Usually…
I drove her to the supermarket in my car. Usually…
I drove her to the supermarket in my car. Usually…
look at this passage from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities How many weak forms can you find?
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.
ɪt wəs thə best əf times, ɪt wəs thə worst əf times, ɪt wəs thə age əf wisdom, ɪt wəs thə age əf foolishness, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf belief, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf incredulity, ɪt wəs thə season əf Light, ɪt wəs thə season əf Darkness, ɪt wəs thə spring əf hope, ɪt wəs thə winter əf despair, wi had everything before əs, wi had nothing before əs, wi wə all going direct tə Heaven, wi wə all going direct thi other way—ɪn short, thə period wəs so far like thə present period, thət some əf ɪts noisiest authorities insisted on ɪts being received, fə good ə fə evil, ɪn thə superlative degree əf comparison only.
ɪt wəs thə best əf times, ɪt wəs thə worst əf times, ɪt wəs thə age əf wisdom, ɪt wəs thə age əf foolishness, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf belief, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf incredulity, ɪt wəs thə season əf Light, ɪt wəs thə season əf Darkness, ɪt wəs thə spring əf hope, ɪt wəs thə winter əf despair, wi had everything before əs, wi had nothing before əs, wi wə all going direct tə Heaven, wi wə all going direct thi other way—ɪn short, thə period wəs so far like thə present period, thət some əf ɪts noisiest authorities insisted on ɪts being received, fə good ə fə evil, ɪn thə superlative degree əf comparison only.
ɪt wəs thə best əf times, ɪt wəs thə worst əf times, ɪt wəs thə age əf wisdom, ɪt wəs thə age əf foolishness, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf belief, ɪt wəs thə epoch əf incredulity, ɪt wəs thə season əf Light, ɪt wəs thə season əf Darkness, ɪt wəs thə spring əf hope, ɪt wəs thə winter əf despair, wi had everything before əs, wi had nothing before əs, wi wə all going direct tə Heaven, wi wə all going direct thi other way—ɪn short, thə period wəs so far like thə present period, thət some əf ɪts noisiest authorities insisted on ɪts being received, fə good ə fə evil, ɪn thə superlative degree əf comparison only.
HOMEWORK make a list of the weak forms that you used in your latest writing homework
www. davidnicholson. it
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- When he shall come with trumpet sound
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- Unstressed possessive adjectives in spanish
- Unstressed consonants
- Spanish possessive adjectives
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- Weak forms of bilingual education
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- Regressive assimilation examples
- Djel pronunciation
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