We shall not flag or fail We shall

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. Never give in--never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.

Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fall, fall then the whole world, including the United States, States including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still “This was their finest hour!” say,

Terrace Farming

The RISE of UNIONS With the rise of big business, workers lost all bargaining power with their employers. Since most work was unskilled, workers could easily be replaced. Employers dictated pay and working conditions. Some workers formed unions in order to act as a group instead of as individuals. The KNIGHTS of LABOR, formed in 1869, hoped to create a single national union by joining together all skilled and unskilled workers. The KNIGHTS proved to be too loosely organized. Skilled workers resented being in the same union as unskilled laborers. After losing a series of strikes (work stoppage or protest in order to obtain better working conditions), the Knights of Labor fell apart. The AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL) was founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers hoped to create a powerful union by uniting workers with similar economic interest. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL consisted of separate unions of skilled workers which had joined together into a federation. The participating craft unions limited their memberships to SKILLED workers such as carpenters and cigar markers.

A. The 1943 invasion of Sicily & Italy B. The invasion of North Africa in November 1942 C. The Normandy invasion of June 1944 D. The Battle of the Bulge in December 1944

Push Pull Factors – Immigration/Migration It loosely states that migration can be attributed to push & pull factors. Taking Poland England for example. A huge amount of Poles have migrated to England. Why? Largely because of push and pull factors. Push factors are things that push the Polish AWAY from their HOME country (Poland). Pull factors are things that ATTRACT the Polish from their HOME country to the host country (England). They're sort of like advantages and disadvantages but relative to the country. It's the disadvantages in the HOME country and advantages in the HOST country. Examples of pull factors - what England has to offer to attract/pull Polish migrants: - Higher wages - Better quality of life - More job availability Examples of push factors - what pushes Poles out of their home country: - Polish economy is weak - Harder to get jobs

Immigrants have always come to the USA for a variety of reasons. Historians often divide these “PUSH” and “PULL” factors. A desire to escape oppression, poverty, religious discrimination or ethnic persecution “PUSHED” immigrants out of their homelands. A belief that America offered freedom and economic opportunity as well as ties to relatives already living here generally “PULLED” immigrants to these shores. They saw the USA as a land of unbound opportunities. Immigrants who fled oppressive regimes in Europe yearned to live in a democratic society like the USA.

A. Cambodian attacks on U. S. military bases. B. The Capture of Ho Chi Minh by U. S. troops. C. The final defeat of North Vietnamese forces. D. A loss of public confidence in the U. S. government.

THE USA and the Soviet Union emerged from WW II as the WORLD’S strongest nations – the SUPERPOWERS. The two sides had completely different political and economic systems, & each side tried to increase hits global influence & undermine the power of the other. Throughout the COLD WAR, the superpowers avoided open WARFARE because each side feared the TERRIBLE effects of NUCLEAR WEAPONS. The COLD WAR ended when the people of Eastern Europe overthrew their Communist GOVERNMENTS and the Soviet UNION broke apart into 15 independent countries. . . the symbolic victory and the AMERICAN WIN OF THE COLD WAR is evidenced by the FALL of the BERLIN WALL.

THE GHOST DANCE 1. The dance was a SACRED RITUAL expressing a vision that buffalo would return and all the elements of WHITE CIVILIZATION would DISAPPEAR. 2. Fearing that the ceremony would trigger an Indian up-rising, the US Army attempted to stamp it out at the so – called Battle of Wounded Knee. 3. As many as two hundred Indian men, women, and children were killed in the BATTLE of WOUNDED KNEE on December 29, 1890.

A. THE HOMEFRONT 1. Native Americans volunteered to work in defense industries. B. THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS 1. Fewer than 30 non-NAVAJOS understood the Navajo’s unwritten language. 2. Approximately 400 Navajos served as CODE TALKERS in the PACIFIC THEATER (against Japan). Their primary job was to transmit vital battlefield information via telegraphs & radios in their native dialect. They were able to save countless lives and played a key role in the BATTLE of IWO JIMA.

• The Channel Tunnel (French: (31. 4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking the United Kingdom, GREAT BRITAIN/ENGLAND with northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep. • At 37. 9 kilometres (23. 5 mi), the Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world • The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, In 1996 the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. • Construction started 1988 and opened in 1994. Since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Fires have disrupted operation of the tunnel. Illegal immigrants and asylum seekers have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK/Great Britain.

NATO

NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium and the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Pact • Was an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The pact was a Soviet initiative aimed at countering NATO East Germany, Hungary, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and the Soviet Union were the founding members. • The treaty was signed in Warsaw, Poland on May 14, 1955. The treaty was an initiative of the Soviet Union and was in direct response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1955. • As such, the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet-sponsored militarytreaty organization and the European Communist Bloc's counterpart to NATO. • It was similar to NATO in that there was a political Consultative Committee, followed by a civilian secretary-general, while down the chain of command there was a military commander in chief and a combined staff, although the similarities between the two international organizations ended there.

Traditional Economy – Economic systems in which decisions are made on the basis of custom…. Example: poor developing nations. Command Economy – an economy in which economic decisions (supply, prices, demand, etc. ) are made by the government rather than by market forces…. Examples: communists nations such as the former Soviet Union & CUBA. Free Enterprise Economy – a system by which people can conduct business FREE of government control except for reasonable regulations made for the public good…. Example: developed nations such as the USA.

The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods. Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the intention of selling them on the market. CASH Crops Business or industry that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory. A region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas. Business or industry in which goods are produced primarily in the home of the produced for local family use.

1. Declaration of Independence, Independence 1776, Thomas Jefferson, not our Govt. 2. Constitution, 1787, James Madison, 1 st 10 Amendments –Bill of Rights 3. Civil War 1861 -65 North/Union Wins Lincoln assassinated 1 wk later 4. RED SCARE 1 st – after WWI, 2 nd after WWII, Anti-Communist 5. World War I 1914 – 1918, 1917 -USA, Zimmerman Telegram, Lusitania SINKS 6. Scopes TRIAL, Monkey TRIAL, Evolution vs. Creationism 7. Great Depression 1929 Stock Market Crash, Banks fail, farmers lose Securities & Exchange Commission is formed to regulate the STOCK MARKET (SEC) 8. New DEAL – first 100 days – Franklin Roosevelt passed legislation (15) to combat the Great Depression. 9. Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941, Japan attacks the Headquarters of the USA Pacific fleet in Hawaii, USA enters WWII.

10. Battle of Stalingrad - GERMANS lose to Russia. To COLD, Geography plays a role in Russia’s victory during WWII. 11. “D” Day – Americans, Britain's, Canadians land in Normandy FRANCE, (over 1 million men) open a second FRONT in the war against GERMANY-turning point in WW II – European Theatre of WAR. 12. Battle of MIDWAY – turning point in the PACIFIC war against JAPAN. AMERICAN defeats Japan & Japan fights a DEFENSIVE WAR afterwards. 13. Manhattan Project – Code name for ATOMIC bomb dropped on Japan (2). EINSTEIN most famous scientist on the project. 14. TRUMAN DOCTRINE – COMBAT the spread of COMMUNISM- by the use of MILTARYTROOPS. 15. MARSHALL PLAN – COMBAT the spread of COMMUNISM – by the use of MONEY $$$ - to help rebuild countries after WWII

16. COLD WAR after WWII to 1989, symbolic war of might & power between the USSR and USA – America wins the SYMBOLIC war with the Fall of the BERLIN WALL in 1989. 17. Korean WAR – Communist North Korea vs. Democratic South Korea, USSR vs. the USA. ENDS in STALMATE – nobody wins. 18. SPUTNIK 1957 – RUSSIA (USSR) beats the USA into Space. 19. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS 1962 – USA BLOCKADE of CUBA. 20. WAR POWERS ACT – Congress limits the power of the President in War – came about because of VIETNAM WAR. 21 TET OFFENSIVE – North Vietnam attacks the South/USA – 30 locations 22. Vietnamization – in one day USA to Slowly had over the war to South Vietnam- they/we lose 23. Pasteurization – super heat milk/wine to preserve, rabies vaccine 24. Jonas Salk – develops the POLIO vaccine. 25. Charles Lindbergh – transatlantic crossing, American/World

13 th Declared slavery illegal in the USA 14 th Gave citizenship to slaves and “DUE PROCESS” 15 th Gave slave/citizens the right to vote (men over 21 yrs. ) 16 th Creates the Federal Income Tax provisions 17 th Provides for the direct election of Senators 18 th Started PROHIBITION 19 th Provides women the right to vote (suffrage) 20 th Term of President & VP to end on January 20 th 21 st Ends PROHIBITION Liquor is legal now 24 th Eliminated POLL TAX as a requirement to vote 26 th Extends the right to vote to 18 yr. olds 7 th Trial by Jury Telephone, Internet, Computers aided by Satellites 1990 -2010 1950’S Canals – early 1800’s Railroads – late 1800’s