Ways for Sustainability of Rural Water supply and

Ways for Sustainability of Rural Water supply and Sanitation Service Delivery in Ethiopia By Beshah Mogesse Doct. Candidate at TUT, Finland Lecturer at Arba Minch University, Ethiopia Supervisors Adj. Prof Tapio Katko Adj. Prof Jarmo Hukka Dr. Gashaw Y October 17, 2012 Second workshop Re. CMP

Outline • Background • Research questions • Research objectives • Methodology • Selected kebeles from different woreda • Few field observation

Background • 2. 5 billion People of the developing countries lack improved sanitation facility where as over 780 million are without safe drinking water (Unicef, 2012) • The problem is multidimensional – it related with health, education, socio-economy and privacy (dignity) • Waterborne diseases caused due to lack of adequate sanitation result in health problem – rural community spent significant amount of money for medication from their little annual income and to make the matter worse the working force deprived from the developmental activity.

Cont’d… • Children spent their time in fetching water and they stay away from their school – thus the futurity of the children and the need of education remain unattainable • Where there is no sanitation facilities women and girls suffer more due to privacy and losing dignity. • When we think about Sustainable development, the primary thing to be addressed should be the provision of water supply and sanitation for all. And it have to be sustainable delivery.

Cont’d … • For the same reason, efforts have been made towards water supply and sanitation coverage in developing countries following the MDGs. The campaign is massive and involves several donors and actors, who are investing huge money and human resources. • Thus, we need to give equivalent attention to functionality as currently we do for the coverage of water and sanitation facilities.

Cont’d… • Because, water points that estimated to be 25% of the implemented in any year found to be non-functioning in two years of their inauguration and • 33 -50% of the overall water supply systems become none functioning before their expected service life (Dandida, 2007) (Water. Aid, 2011) and (Taylor, 2009).

Background What is CMP and how it emerge? • Community Development Fund (CDF) model in Ethiopia is introduced in 2002 to Ahmara Region by the support of the Government of Finland (Harold lockwood, 2011, p 128). • It was developed under the Finish-supported Rural Water Supply and Environmental Programme (RWSEP). Having had started in Amhara in 1994 now it is running in benishangul Gumuze (Chaka et al. , 2011) • CDF an implementation approach which focuses on strengthening ownership feeling over services, and improve transparency in the use of fund and quality of system (Harold lockwood, 2011, p 104)

• Why CDF come to exist? • Efficient utilization of the Partners’ resources: • Enabling an environment for optimizing woredas’ capacity • Establishing a genuine role of the communities for sustaining the benefits of investments • Building up the private sector’s role in construction, maintenance and spare part supply • Creation of decentralized, material, goods and services supply chain, including spare parts supply (Closure of RWSEP, 2011)

Introduction • Since August 2011 CDF is incorporated into the National WASH Implementation Framework. The principles and basic procedures of the CDF approach are built into the Wa. SH program as part of the Community Managed Project (CMP) funding mechanism (WIF, 2011). • Community Managed Projects (CMP) and nationwide scaling-up started 2011 to 2014.

Statement of the Problems • Water supply coverage of the country, especially the rural is so small; • Constructed water points not sustainable; • The scientific implication of CMP is not studied so far and • Appropriate approach of implementation is vital in attaining MDGs

Research questions • Is CMP approach the best of other managed projects ? • Is there significant impact over the past projects executed by the Finnish-Government under CDF and CMP approach when compared with none CDF and CMP? • Can indigenous knowledge of water system management contribute for sustainability of water and sanitation facilities? • What experience be obtained from WMP and NGOMP, and how we can incorporate them in CMP to come up with sustainable water and sanitation delivery?

Objectives • To investigate the scientific reaction of CMP on sustainability of Rural water supply systems and evaluate advantages and disadvantage of CMP comparing with other approaches. Specific objectives • To identify principal factor(s) of none functionality of water systems in Ethiopia • To learn the relationship between principal factors and approaches, and the significance of their interface on sustainability. • Investigating good experience of indigenous knowledge of water supply sources management. • Come up with a new approach integrating the advantage of approaches under consideration. • Scalability of CMP to medium and large scale schemes ? ? ?

Methodology • Methods to be used in this research are ideal, cross- sectional survey and case study. • Base line study Control Area/Village without improvement Crosssectional Survey Water and Sanitation project Subsequent study with (after) improvement Cross-sectional study: in selected Woredas of Amhara and Benishangul Gumuze regions

Cont’d … Subsequent study with (after) improvement Case study Base line study Water and Sanitation project Control Area/Village • Case study: will be done in Konso and Borena where there are good indigenous water management system.

Cont’d … • The surveys expected to collect both qualitative and qualitative data, with the help of group discussion, questionnaire and observation. • information sources of the study : WASHCO, elders and local leaders, woreda water officers/technicians, implementing agencies and user communities.

Site selection and criterion • The Finn-WASH project has five intervention Woredas Google Earth • Of which Dibate, Pawi and Mandura were considered due to • Having multi approach projects • Accessibility and • availability of medium and large scale schemes by CDF

Site selected Mandura Woreda Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 • Organizatio PA Selected PAs n UNicef Ejenta, Tumadalush, Dunzababuna, Du’a gubash, Du’a maksegnt, Tuni, 1. Dunzababuna, Finn. WASH Gilgel Beles, jigda silase, Adida #2, 2. Du’a gubash Photo majare and Genet mariam 3. Adida #2 EBM adida #2 4. photo majare CRS photo majare, Du’a gubash Chisp Dunzababuna, Du’a gubash, Du’a 5. Genet mariam meksegnt, Jigda silase, Adida #2, Pawi Woredaphoto majare and Genet mariam – 9 shallow wells ------ 6 will be considered in the research stratified Random sampling – 40 hand dug wells ---- 16 will be considered in the research by stratified random sampling – The rehabilitation of the Ali Spring will also include – as how to upscale CDF/CMP approach

Dibate • Parzayit, Simanda and Kido PAs are selected as research focus • Due to serious breakdown and community ownership conflict

Whom I met and their comment • COWASH staff== Amhara Region • Abreham Kebede (Technical Advisor) • The region is where the Finland-Ethiopia bilateral project running for two decades The intervention is large, inters of: • Many administration units 271/470 coverage • Different aged water schemes (Since 1994). • Different climate • Approaches (RWSEP CDF CMP) and • Availability of sister organization for comparison

Site selection criterion • The criterion for selection of woredas in Amhara Region are • Worwdas which involve CDF/CMP before 2 years • Woredas where there is water schemes that constructed by other approaches • Climate regions (woredas of Humid, semi-arid and arid) and • Accessibility

Selected Sr No Woreda 1 Farta Kebele (PA) Arga (kimir Dingia Zuria 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Awzet Ayiban’ibi Kolay Kanato Ata Saharna Shina Wagatera Wereta Zuria Kuhar Mikael Farta Farta Fogera 25 26 Dega Damot 27 28 Dega Damot Zikual Wegem Fenkatit Gindwiha Shangi Dereke Feresbet Michael 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 East Estie East Estie Guangua Guangua Mikri Hana Mikri Kuskuam Gena Memcha Licha Disekuam Alemaya Gindatiba Bizrakani Tiru Birhan Dega Abo Tirgi Dangula Addis Alem

Field observation • It is difficult to get the right responsible and knowledgeable person at woreda level due to meeting, and other duties. • All woreds of the Metekel Zone entirely relay on the zone’s technical staff. • Sanitation issue under each woreda considered as secondary element according to the preliminary discussion we had with woreda’s water offices. • Off course village(s) which claim fund for water development imposed to have toilet for each members to get an approval. In my view they are rarely assisted technically and trained for behavior change. Thus, I have doubt whether such toilets are in use or not. • Staff turnover is obstacle to the progress of projects and created technical gap

Publications Plan Historical development of CMP Investigation of principal factor that favor none functionality in rural water supply Is principal factor(s) dependent of approaches? To show the approach is developed, achievements and pros and cons and its progress when compared with non-CMP approach schemes done by Finland-Ethiopia cooperation since 1994 There are several factors which affect the sustainability of water systems like, Technical, social, economical and environmental. Thus , a through investigation will be done on before going to evaluate approaches Here different implementation approaches evaluated with respect to the principal factor(s). Moreover, functionality rate, implementation rate, and acceptability will be investigated and ranked based of their significance to sustainability Countries like Ethiopia, which have divers culture and living norm, is difficult to implement same approach for all. Traditionally some How indigenous knowledge communities are endowed good management practice of their water contribute for the sustainability sources. Thus, it is very important to learn why such systems are of water points more sustainable than modern schemes. The result surly point out what to do in our new approach. Developing New or improving approach from experience of all approaches and the indigenous knowledge Bringing advantages of different approaches together, by avoiding their short coming for sustainable development of rural water supply and further suiting for other developmental activities .

Thank you

1. Community Managed Project in implementing rural water supply in Amhara region of Ethiopia - Nabin Sharma, TUT 2. Sustainability of Water Services Implemented Using CMP Approach - Ahmed Muhumed, HAMK 3. Assessment on CMP Approach in Developing Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes: A Case of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State - Meron Mebratu, AAU 4. A Comparative Study on Woreda Managed and Community Managed Rural Water Supply Projects – Yewondwossen Tesfaye,

Community Managed Project in implementing rural water supply in Amhara region of Ethiopia Assessment on CMP Approach in Nabin Developing Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes: A Case of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State z Meron Ways for sustainability of RWSS A Comparative Study on Woreda Managed and Community Managed Rural Water Supply Projects y x Sustainability of Water Services Implemented Using CMP Approach Ahmed YW T