Waterfalls Nickpoints develop as a result of an

Waterfalls

• Nickpoints – develop as a result of an abrupt change in gradient – Results when a stream flows against hard, resistant rock – At the edge, stream is free falling • Increase in abrasion • Eventually the lip will collapse, resulting in the waterfall shifting further upstream

Angel Falls - Venezuela

Floodplains • Floodplain - low lying area surrounding stream channels – Subjected to recurrent flooding – Forms when a river overflows its channel • Referred to as inundation – After water recedes, a buildup of alluvial deposits is left behind • Natural levees form on the banks of the stream as a result of deposition

• Alluvial/stream terraces – Develop as a result of uplifting topographic features or downcutting action of stream – Terraces look like steps up the sides of the stream – Generally paired at the same height on both sides

Deltas • Develop as a result of deposition at the mouth of a river – Level or nearly level plain formation – After each flood, a new layer of alluvium is deposited • Delta grows outward as a result • Often appear as dendritic or braided channels – Gradual development along perennial streams • Slow buildup of sediment – Estuaries can develop along deltas where they meet the ocean • Mix of salt and fresh water

Social Mislabeling • In some cases, social conveniences/ignorance can lead to inaccurate labeling of physical features – E. g. “the Mississippi Delta”

Alluvial Fans • Similar to deltas – Found in arid & semi -arid regions • Develop at the mouth of canyons • Found along intermittent and/or ephemeral streams • More sloped than deltas – Due to abrupt loss of water – Deposition happens rapidly