WATER TAP WATER WATER THAT COMES FROM THE

WATER

TAP WATER • WATER THAT COMES FROM THE MAIN SUPPLY OF THE LOCAL WATER SYSTEM • HUDSON GETS ITS TAP WATER FROM DIFFERENT WATER DEPARTMENTS IN CITIES SUCH AS AKRON, CLEVELAND, STOW • HTTP: //WWW. HUDSON. OH. US/INDEX. ASPX? NID=127

WELL WATER • UNDERGROUND WATER HELD IN THE SOIL. A HOLE IS DUG OR DRILLED, AND THE WATER IS DRAWN BY A PUMP TO GET THE WATER TO THE SURFACE

DISTILLED WATER • WATER THAT IS PURIFIED BY BOILING THE WATER, AND AS THE WATER IS BOILED IT TURNS TO STEAM • THE PROCESS OF BOILING THE WATER AND CONDENSING THE STEAM CAUSES THE WATER TO LEAVE BEHIND ITS CONTAMINANTS, OR “DISSOLVED SOLIDS. ”

SPRING WATER • WATER OBTAINED FROM AN UNDERGROUND SOURCE THAT FLOWS NATURALLY TO EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH A SPRING

SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER Surface water – Rivers, lakes, streams, ocean Groundwater – water held underground in soil or porous rocks

CONTAMINATION • Any substances picked up by water • Can be helpful or harmful • Pollution from human activities can be harmful and cause contaminants to enter water supply • Contaminants may be biological or chemical • Biological – contaminants from living or once living things that may cause disease, such as viruses, parasites, or bacteria • Chemical – non-living substances such as fertilizers, gasoline, oil, heavy metals

• HTTP: //WWW. NBCNEWS. COM/NEWS/US-NEWS/AFTER-SPILL-MONTANA-TOWNAWAITS-WORD-WATER-SUPPLY-N 291756

EPIDEMIC • When many people in a population or community are affected with a disease at the same time • Examples: ebola, bubonic plague, smallpox, influenza, HIV, H 1 N 1, SARS, measles

QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE • Qualitative: describes characteristics that we can perceive without making measurements • Examples: colors, how somethings feels, smells, tastes, etc. • Quantitative: information that can be measured using numbers • Examples: mass, volume, number of pennies, length, etc.

Phases – the three forms that a substance can be in – solid, liquid, or gas • HTTP: //CHIMIANET. ZEFAT. AC. IL/DOWNLOAD/3_STATES_MATTER. SWF

DENSITY • Density – mass per unit volume • Density = mass/volume • A substance has a mass of 14 g and a volume of 20 m. L. What is its density? • 14 g / 20 m. L = 0. 7 g m/L • What is more dense? A piece of silver with a mass of 250 g or a piece of silver with a mass of 700 g? • Both pieces of silver have the same density! • This is because density is a physical property of substances. It does not change depending on how much you have. We can use densities to identify unknown substances

• ATOM – • Smallest particle of all matter • The name atom comes from a greek word which means that which can’t be cut

• ELEMENT – • Made of only one kind of atom • Can not be broken down by ordinary chemical means

• MOLECULE – • A group of atoms held together by bonds

• COMPOUND – A group of two or more different elements held together by bonds

ICE CREAM ANALOGY • YOU GO TO AN ICE CREAM SHOP • THEY HAVE 30 FLAVORS OF ICE CREAM • THE 30 FLAVORS REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS • THE SMALLEST AMOUNT THAT THE STORE WILL SELL IS A SCOOP • THIS IS AN ATOM • I CAN PUT TWO OR MORE SCOOPS OF ICE CREAM TOGETHER • THIS IS A MOLECULE • THE TWO SCOOPS I PUT TOGETHER ARE TWO DIFFERENT FLAVORS • THIS IS A COMPOUND

TRUE OR FALSE • A compound is always a molecule • True • A molecule is always a compound • False

CHEMICAL FORMULA • An expression that state the number and type of atoms present in a molecule or compound Type of atom H 2 O Number of atoms

ACTIVITY 37: WHAT DISSOLVES VOCABULARY • Soluble – when a substance is able to be dissolved • Example: sugar, salt • Solvent – a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances • Example: water • Solution – a liquid mixture that is composed of a solute and solvent • Example: salt water, sugar water

SOLUTIONS • When a substance mixed completely in the water, dissolves, disappears, and becomes clear, it is a solution • Examples: sodium chloride (cups 1 and 2), copper chloride (cups 3 and 4) • The sodium chloride and copper chloride are soluble in water (able to be dissolved) • The cornstarch and iron chloride would be ____ (not able to be dissolved) • Answer: insoluble

• Saturated solution – a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved • This was observed when some of the solute seemed to dissolve, but after stirring some remained • Example: sodium chloride (cup 2) and iron chloride (cups 7 and 8)

ACTIVITY 40: PARTS PER MILLION VOCABULARY • Concentration - amount of solute in a solution • Dilute – making a liquid weaker by adding more solvent • Example: adding water to pure orange juice • Concentrated Solution – a solution that contains a large amount of solute • Soft drinks (have a lot of sugar dissolved in water)

SERIAL DILUTION • If I have a 10% solution, we know that the fraction to represent this concentration is 1/10 (10/100 = 1/10) • We know that for a serial dilution, we dilute by a factor of 10. • So, cup one contains the 1/10, or 10% solution. • Cup two would contain (1/10) * (1/10) or 1/100 • Cup three would contain (1/100) * (1/10) or (1/1, 000) • Cup four would contain (1/1, 000) * (1/10) or (1/10, 000) • …. And so on

ACIDS AND BASES Acids – have a p. H less than 7 Bases – have a p. H greater than 7 Neutral – p. H of 7 (pure water)

Liquid Phenolphthalein Universal Indicator p. H Paper Water (neutral) Colorless Green Yellow-green Hydrochloric Acid (acid) Colorless Red Potassium Hydroxide (base) Pink Blue So, we know that: • neutral substances • colorless in phenolphthalein • green in universal indicator • yellow-green in p. H paper • acids: • colorless in phenolphthalein • red in universal indicator • red in p. H paper • sour taste • common in citrus fruits • bases: • pink in phenolphthalein • blue in universal indicator • blue in p. H paper • feel slippery/soapy • bitter taste

DILUTING HYDROCHLORIC ACID Cup Concentration PPM p. H paper color Universal Indicator color Estimated p. H 1 1/100 10, 000 Red 1 -2 2 1/1, 000 Red 1 -2 3 1/10, 000 100 Orange-red Red 3 -4 4 1/100, 000 10 Orange Yellow-green 5 5 1/1, 000 1 Yellow-orange Green 6 6 1/10, 000 0. 1 Yellow-green Green 7 7 0 0 Yellow-green Green 7

DILUTING POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Cup Concentration PPM p. H paper color Universal Indicator color Estimated p. H 1 1/100 10, 000 Deep blue Blue 10 -11 2 1/1, 000 Deep blue Blue 10 3 1/10, 000 100 Blue-green Blue 9 4 1/100, 000 10 Pale green Blue-green 8 5 1/1, 000 1 Yellow-green Blue-green 7 6 1/10, 000 0. 1 Yellow-green Green 7 7 0 0 Yellow-green Green 7

THE PH SCALE • From the experiment we should see that for every dilution (factor of 10), the p. H of the substance approaches 7 • This means that the p. H scale is on a factor of 10 • so…. a p. H of 4 is ____ times more acidic than p. H of 5 • answer: 10 • p. H of 10 is ____ more basic than p. H of 8 • answer: 100

WATER TREATMENT 1. Coagulation • Involves two steps: • Flocculation – chemicals put into the water to attract contaminants • Sedimentation – letting the clumps formed by flocculation to sink to the bottom 2. Filtration – removes solid contaminants from the water 3. Disinfection – chemicals added to water to kill biological contaminants 4. Fluoridation – fluoride added to water to reduce tooth decay and cavities

READING A WATER QUALITY REPORT • MCL – MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL • IF SOMETHING HAS A MCL OF 200 PPM, THAT MEANS ANYTHING OVER 200 PPM IS CONSIDERED UNSAFE • AL – ACTION LEVEL • CONCENTRATION IN WHICH THE WATER SUPPLIER MUST TREAT THE WATER OR TAKE OTHER APPROPRIATE MEASURES