Water Source Protection Marco Bruni seecon international gmbh

Water Source Protection Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh Water Source Protection

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Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Health Aspects - How Can Water Source Protection Optimise my Local Water System? 3. Characteristics of Pathogens and Contaminants 4. Approaches to Water Source Protection/ Water Protection Plan 5. Surface Water Source Protection Measures 6. Groundwater Source Protection Measures 7. References Water Source Protection 3

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 1. Introduction Need for Water Source Protection 4

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 2. Health Aspects How Can Water Source Protection Optimise my Local Water System? • Water source protection involves the protection of surface water sources (e. g. lakes, rivers, man-made reservoirs) and groundwater sources (e. g. springs, dug wells, drilled wells) to avoid water contamination. • The very slow flow of groundwater makes rehabilitation of contaminated aquifers both costly and time-intensive. • Establishing adequate water source protection has been recognised as the most suitable and cost-effective method to keep contaminants out of drinking water and making costly water purification measures and construction of new wells unnecessary. Water Source Protection 5

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Characteristics of Pathogens and Contaminants Types of Pathogens and Contaminants Pathogens • Bacteria • e. g. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter • Viruses • e. g. Rotavirus, Hepatitis • Parasitic protozoa • e. g. Giardia • Helminths (worms) • e. g. Trichuris trichiura Water Source Protection Contaminants • Inorganic chemicals • e. g. nitrate, arsenic, fluoride, chloride • Organic chemicals • e. g. petro-chemicals (oil, diesel), solvents, drugs, pesticides • (Heavy) metals • e. g. cadmium, copper, lead, mercury 6

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Characteristics of Pathogens and Contaminants Source: BUCHANAN et al. (2010) • Underground storage tanks • Chemical storage • Accidental spills of hazardous materials • Spreading of sewage treatment sludge • Septic systems • Animal feedlots • Storage and spreading of road salt • Underground pipelines or sewers • Use and spilling of fertilisers and pesticides • Landfills • Private and abandoned wells Source: CONSERVATION ONTARION (2009) Water Source Protection 7

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 3. Characteristics of Pathogens and Contaminants Dispersion of Pathogens and Contaminants Migration of contaminants in an unconfined (left) and a confined (right) aquifer. Movement of insoluble contaminants in ground water: Oil spills (lighter than water) accumulate on the water table and spread horizontally. Source: WAL (2010) Adapted from FREEZE et al. (n. y. ) Water Source Protection 8

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Surface Water Source Protection Prevent, Treat, Restore As many surface water sources are used for drinking water purposes, protection is vital. Generally, three basic strategies exist for protection: • Prevention: No discharge of waste, pollutants or untreated water from domestic, industrial or agricultural use; optimised water use and practices in agriculture in order to stop nutrients from entering aquatic systems (e. g. establishing buffer zones). • Treatment: treatment of polluted water prior to discharge; Stormwater management: Ensuring that run-off can not transport pollutants untreated into water bodies. • Restore Ecosystems: Enable or support natural rehabilitation processes. UNEP (2010) Water Source Protection 9

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 4. Water Protection Plan Institutional Frameworks support Implementation of Protection Implementing water source protection requires a legal framework. This usually involves a protection plan, which formulates responsibilities, specific protection measures and basic rules that apply for all community members and water source users. Water Source Protection 10

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 1: Location/ Siting of the Water Source • Don’t construct the well/spring close to potential sources for contamination, stick to minimum distance rules, respectively. Source: COLLINS (2000) Water Source Protection Source: WSP (n. y. ) 11

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 2: Construction of Spring- and Well Protection Springs can be protected by installation of a spring tapping, a spring box and an adequate drainage system. Drilled and dug wells need a proper sealing. • An apron guarantees that no contaminants enter the well from the access point area. • An impermeable lining (for dug wells) or casing (for drilled wells) makes sure, that no close-tosurface-water enters the well. • Drainage keeps the area dry Source: SMET & WIJK (2002) Source: NABUUR (n. y. ) Water Source Protection 12

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 3: Fencing In a fenced, inner protection zone (with a radius of 10 – 20 m), all activities posing a risk of contamination are restricted (e. g. farming, grazing, firing, application of pesticides and fertilisers, construction of latrines, use of chemicals, etc. ). An extended protection zone (at least 100 m in radius) should be put up to increase protection. Source: MEULI & WEHRLE (2001) Water Source Protection 13

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 4: Set up Rules for all Community Members Any protection plan rises and falls with the behaviour of the community members, their attitude towards the plan and their knowledge. Besides the installation of constructional measures, simple rules should be set up and communicated by a local caretaker. Such rules can involve: • Don’t defecate close to the well, • Don’t let your animals graze close to the well, • Don’t through any garbage into the well, etc. Water Source Protection 14

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 5: Management of Operation and Maintenance Only adequate operation by the water users and frequent maintenance by a local caretaker can ensure a safe long-term usability of the water point. Operation and maintenance activities are best organised through a local management plan. The remit of a caretaker involves the: • Inspection, cleaning and repair of spring installations and well (e. g. cracks in the apron, leaking parts, etc. ) • Monitoring activities in the surrounding area • Up keeping the protection zone/ repair of the fence • Check for appropriate operation by users and provide health education. • Check whether the basic rules are respected by the users OXFAM (n. y. ) Water Source Protection 15

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 6. Groundwater Source Protection Several Actions – One Objective Step 6: Seal/Plug Abandoned and Unused Wells Abandoned wells: • Can allow surface run-off to directly enter an aquifer, contaminating the aquifer and wells; • Can be a physical safety threat, as they are often not marked or covered, and can pose a hazard to people or animals that might fall into them. MANCE (n. y. ) Source: MANCE (n. y. ) Water Source Protection 16

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 7. References 1/2 BUCHANAN, B. ; DE LA CRUZ, N; MACPHERSON, J. ; WILLIAMSON, K. (2010): Water Wells that Last for Generations. Edmonton: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. URL: http: //www 1. agric. gov. ab. ca/$department/deptdocs. nsf/all/wwg 404 [Accessed: 23. 04. 2012]. COLLINS, S. (2000): Hand-dug Shallow Wells. St. Gallen: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management (SKAT). URL: http: //www. skat. ch/publications/prarticle. 2005 -09 -29. 5069774463/prarticle. 2006 -1102. 8410562785/skatpublication. 2005 -10 -31. 1053710342/file [Accessed: 22. 03. 2012]. CONSERVATION ONTARIO (2009): Wellhead Protection Areas. Newmarket: Conservation Ontario. URL: http: //www. conservationontario. ca/source_protection/files/ODWSP%202009%20 Finals/ODWSP_FAQS_wellhead_EN_2009_02_27_ WEB. pdf [Accessed: 17. 04. 2012]. FREEZE, R. A. ; ATWATER, J. ; LIEBSCHER, H. (N. Y. ): Water Stewardship. Ground Water Resources of British Colombia. Victoria: The Province of British Columbia. URL: http: //www. env. gov. bc. ca/wsd/plan_protect_sustain/groundwater/gwbc/C 05_contamination. html [Accessed: 17. 04. 2012]. MANCE, E. (n. y. ): A Landowner’s Guide to Water Wall Management. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. URL: http: //www. swa. ca/Publications/Documents/ALandowners. Guideto. Water. Well%20 Management. pdf [Accessed: 17. 04. 2012]. MEULI, C. ; WEHRLE, K. (2001): Spring Catchment. St. Gallen: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management (SKAT). URL: http: //www. skat. ch/publications/prarticle. 2005 -09 -29. 5069774463/prarticle. 2006 -1102. 8410562785/skatpublication. 2005 -10 -27. 4727403982/file [Accessed: 22. 03. 2012]. NABUUR (n. y. ): Protected dug well in Uganda. Amersfoort: Nabuur. URL: http: //www. nabuur. com/en/village/nakyerongosa/project/task/integrated-community-managed-water-hygiene-and-sanitationimprovem [Accessed: 15. 03. 2012]. Water Source Protection 17

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. 7. References 2/2 OXFAM (n. y. ): Spring Protection. Technical Brief. Oxford: Oxfam International. URL: http: //www. oxfam. org. uk/resources/downloads/emerg_manuals/draft_oxfam_tech_brief_springprotect. pdf [Accessed: 17. 04. 2012]. SMET, J. (Editor); WIJK, C. van (Editor) (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Spring Water Tapping - Chapter 8. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC). URL: http: //www. irc. nl/page/1917 [Accessed: 29. 02. 2012]. UNEP (2010): Clearing the Waters. A Focus on Water Quality Solutions. Oakland: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL: http: //www. unep. org/PDF/Clearing_the_Waters. pdf [Accessed: 23. 04. 2012]. WAL, A. van der (2010): Understanding Groundwater & Wells in Manual Drilling. Instruction Handbook for Manual Drilling Teams on Hydro-geology for Well Drilling, Well Installation and Well Development. Papendrecht: PRACTICA Foundation. URL: http: //www. unicef. org/wash/files/04. pdf [Accessed: 21. 03. 2012]. WSP (n. y. ): Latrines Comic. Washington D. C. : Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). URL: http: //www. wsp. org/userfiles/image/june 2007. jpg [Accessed: 23. 06. 2010]. Water Source Protection 18

Find this presentation and more on: www. ssswm. info. “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture” SSWM is an initiative supported by: Created by: Water Source Protection 19