Water Soluble Vitamins B s n i m

Water Soluble Vitamins! B s n i m a t Vi

Objectives After reading Chapter 6, completing a concept map and class discussion, you will be able to n Identify water soluble vitamins n Distinguish water soluble vs fat soluble n Describe the concert role of B vitamins n Describe concert deficiencies n Identify vitamin imposters and non -B vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins: Characteristics Essential n Organic Structure n Non-energy Producing n Micronutrients n Stability n Bioavailability n Toxicity n

Water Soluble Vitamins vs. Fat Soluble Vitamins

The B Vitamins n Coenzymes

Vitamin Concept Map Food Sources FUNCTIONS Vitamin Other Facts

Thiamin Functions n SOURCES Sources

Thiamin Other Facts

Thiamin n Other names: Vitamin B 1 1998 RDA n men: 1. 2 mg/day n women: 1. 1 mg/day Chief functions in the body n Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Easily destroyed by heat

Thiamin Sources n n Pork Whole Grain or Enriched Grains

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Ribovlavin Functions n SOURCES Sources

Riboflavin Other Facts

Riboflavin n Other names: Vitamin B 2 1998 RDA n Men: 1. 3 mg/day n Women: 1. 1 mg/day Chief functions in the body n Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism. Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation

Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Riboflavin Sources n Milk products Yogurt n Cheese n n n Enriched or whole grains Liver

Niacin Functions n SOURCES Sources

Niacin Other Facts

Niacin n Other names Nicotinic acid n Nicotinamide n Niacinamide n Vitamin B 3 n n n Precursor: dietary tryptophan 1998 RDA Men: 16 mg NE/day n Women: 14 mg NE/day n n Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day

Niacin n Chief functions in the body n n Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism Toxicity symptoms Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”) n Excessive sweating n Blurred vision n Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance n

Niacin Sources n n n All protein foods Milk, eggs, meat, fish, poultry Whole grain Enriched grains Nuts

Vitamin B 6 Functions n SOURCES Sources

Vitamin B 6 Functions Other Facts

Vitamin B 6 n n n Other names n Pyridoxine n Pyridoxal n Pyridoxamine 1998 RDA n Adults (19 -50 years): 1. 3 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day

Vitamin B 6 n Chief functions in the body n Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism n Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin n Helps to make red blood cells

Vitamin B 6 n Deficiency symptoms n Scaly dermatitis n Anemia (small-cell type) n Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

Vitamin B 6 Sources n n n Meat, fish, poultry, liver Potatoes Legumes Non-citrus fruits Fortified cereal Soy products

Vitamin B 12 Functions n SOURCES Sources

Vitamin B 12 Functions Other Facts

Vitamin B 12 n n Other names: cobalamin (and related forms) 1998 RDA n n Adults: 2. 4 g/day Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis n Helps to maintain nerve cells n Reforms folate coenzyme n Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids n

Vitamin B 12 n n Activates Folate Absorption requires n HCl n Pepsin n Intrinsic factor

Vitamin B 12 n n Easily destroyed by microwave cooking Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia n n Difficult for vegetarians to obtain Toxicity: none reported

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Vitamin B 12 Sources n Animal products Meat, poultry fish, shellfish n Milk, cheese n Eggs n n Fortified cereals

Folate Functions n SOURCES Sources

Folate Functions Other Facts

Folate n n n Other names n Folic acid n Folacin n Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 1998 RDA n Adults: 400 g/day Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day

Folate

Folate

Folate n Chief functions in the body n Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

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Neural tube defects Spina Bifida Anencephaly

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Folate Supplementation n Decrease in neural tube defects with supplementation of cereals

Critical Periods

Folate Sources n n Fortified Grains Leafy Green Vegetables Legumes, Seeds Liver

Biotin Functions n SOURCES Sources

Biotin Functions Other Facts

Biotin n 1998 adequate intake (AI) n Adults: 30 g/day Chief functions in the body n Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Significant sources n Widespread in foods n Also produced by GI bacteria

Biotin Sources n n n Widespread in foods Organ meats, fish Egg yolks Soybeans Whole grains

Pantothenic Acid Functions n SOURCES Sources

Pantothenic Acid Functions Other Facts

Pantothenic Acid n n n 1998 adequate intake (AI) n Adults: 5 mg/day Chief functions in the body n Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Easily destroyed by food processing

Pantothenic Acid Sources n n n Widespread in foods Organ meats Mushrooms Avacado Broccoli Whole grains

Non-B Vitamin Controversial other dietary compounds n Still under scientific investigation n May be “conditionally” essential n Supplements NOT necessary n Widespread in foods n

Non-B Vitamin n Choline n Contains N 2; made from methionine n Used to make lecithin & acetylcholine n Adequate Intake (AI) established 1998 n Men=550 n Inositol n Part n mg/day; Women=425 mg/day of cell membrane structure Carnitine n Transports long-chain fatty acids

Vitamin Imposters Not essential for humans; essential only for bacteria or other forms of life n PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) n Vitamin P (hesperidin)-a bioflavonoid n Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q 10) n Pyrroloquinoline quinone (methoxatin) n Orotic acid n Lipoic acid n

Vitamin Imposters Vitamin O (oxygenated salt water) n Vitamin B 15 (Pangamic acid) n Vitamin B 17 (Laetrile) n n Alleged “cancer cure” n Potentially dangerous n Vitamin B 5 n Simply another name for Pantothenic Acid

Conclusions 1. 2. 3. 4. Vitamins are derived from a variety of foods. That is why variety is so important. Vitamin deficiencies rarely occur in this country. If they do, it is usually in conjunction with severe illness, stress, or trauma that is superimposed on prolonged inadequate intake. If there is deficiency, usually several vitamins (especially in the case of B vitamins) are involved.

Conclusions 1. 2. Toxicity is also rare but a possibility n Toxicity is rarely associated with food n Toxicity results from supplements Vitamin imposters are used

Variety is the Key e r a s n i m a a t Vi m o r f d e deriv of foods. ty e i r a v