Water Resources in Pakistan 1 Water Resources Sources
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Water Resources in Pakistan 1
Water Resources – Sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans – Uses of water include agricultural, hydropower, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. (creation of artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat etc) – Water resources estimation involves the determination of rainfall runoff, snowmelt runoff, stream gauging etc – Important for the planning, design and management of various water resources projects in the country – Projects like dams, reservoirs, barrages, irrigation systems, water supply schemes etc. require information of available water resources in the country 2
Water Resources in Pakistan • The water resources available for irrigated agriculture in Pakistan consists of three components: • Rainfall: – Monsoon and westerly disturbances are two main weather systems that contribute to the rainfall in Pakistan. – Varies from less than 75 mm to 750 mm per annum – That part of total rainfall which directly falls over the cropped area is called as effective rainfall – The average annual rainfall is approximately 291 mm. Nearly two-third is received in the Kharif (summer), while the rest in Rabi (winter) season – Total average annual rainfall over Indus basin amounts to 40 MAF, 60% of which falls on the culturable command area 3
Water Resources in Pakistan • Surface water resources: – Pakistan receives surface water mainly through a network of Indus River System. The major contribution is from rain fall and snowmelt in the river catchments – Received at Rim Stations of all five rivers – The inflows to the Indus Basin are derived from glacier and snow-melt and rainfall primarily outside Indus Plains. – Historic average annual inflow to the Indus Basin amount to 181 BCM (147 MAF), while post Tarbela mean inflow is estimated to be about 186 BCM (149 MAF) – The mean annual flow to Indus Basin up to 2003 -04 are summarized in the table: 4
Water Resources in Pakistan Mean Annual inflows to Indus Basin (up to 2003 -04) Source Kharif (MAF) Rabi (MAF) Annual (MAF) Indus Historic Post Tarbela 76. 65 75. 13 13. 59 15. 22 90. 24 90. 35 Jhelum Historic Post Tarbela 17. 69 18. 06 4. 42 5. 07 22. 11 23. 13 Chenab Historic Post Tarbela 20. 59 22. 38 3. 89 4. 77 24. 48 27. 15 Eastern Rivers Historic Post Tarbela 8. 85 6. 41 1. 36 1. 76 10. 21 8. 17 Total Inflows Historic Post Tarbela 123. 78 121. 98 23. 26 26. 82 147. 04 148. 80 5
Western & Eastern Inflows & D/S Kotri (MAF) (Post Tarbela Average (1976 -77 to 2009 -10) Max Min Avg Indus @ Kalabagh 112. 18 66. 81 89. 71 Western Jhelum + Chenab 64. 69 29. 70 48. 68 River Total 176. 87 96. 51 138. 39 Ravi @ Balloki 10. 95 0. 29 4. 23 Eastern Sutlej @ Sulemanki 10. 62 0. 01 2. 59 River Total 21. 57 0. 30 6. 82 Total Western & Eastern River 198. 44 96. 81 145. 21 D/S Kotri 91. 86 0. 29 30. 67 D/S Kotri (Apr 1, 2010 to Jan 6, 2011) 54. 42 6
Water Resources in Pakistan • Groundwater: – Important resource for irrigation as well as domestic and Industrial water supplies in Pakistan – Average annual recharge to the groundwater system of the Indus plains has been estimated as 57 BCM (45. 57 MAF) – Most of this recharge is from surface irrigation supplies, and thus groundwater is not totally new water but largely derived from water originally supplied to the irrigation command from the basic resource, i. e. surface water supplies – In the Indus Basin, about 22 percent of irrigated area is totally dependent on ground water alone and on the large part it is used in conjunction with surface water supplies – Global estimates show that out of overall fresh water abstracted annually, 70 percent is used in agriculture, 25 percent in industry and 5 percent in household – 7
Indus Basin Treaty (1960) • At independence (1947) the irrigation system, conceived originally as a whole, was divided between India and Pakistan without regard to irrigated boundaries • This resulted in the creation of an international water dispute in 1948, which was finally resolved by the enforcement of Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with the help of the World Bank • The treaty assigned the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej, Bias) to India, and the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan 8
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS DAMS i) Terbela on River Indus ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum NEW BARRAGES i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej 9
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS NEW LINK CANALS i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link) ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link) iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link) iv) Qadirabad Balloki Link (Q-B Link) v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II) vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link) vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link) OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED i) Trimmu Barrage ii) Balloki Barrage 10
Indus Tarbela Jhelum Mangla Kabul Ravi NWFP CRBC Chashma Chenab Sutlej C-J T-P Balochistan Canals Legend Sindh Barrages Punjab Barrages Reservoirs Major Rivers Rim Stations: Indus @ Tarbela Kabul @ Nowshera Jhelum @ Mangla Chenab @ Marala 11 1111
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) • An agreement to share waters of the Indus River was reached among the four provinces of Pakistan in the form of the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA). • This accord is based on both, the existing and future water needs of the four provinces. • It has the following Purposes: Ø It protected the existing uses of canal water in each province. Ø It apportions the balance of river supplies, including flood surpluses and future storages among the provinces 12
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) Key features: Province Kharif (MAF) Rabi (MAF) Total (MAF) Punjab 37. 07 18. 87 55. 94 Sindh * 33. 94 14. 82 48. 76 3. 48 2. 3 5. 78 1. 80 1. 2 3. 00 2. 85 1. 02 3. 87 77. 34 37. 01 114. 35 NWFP (a) (b) Civil Canals ** Balochistan Total * Including already sanctioned(approved) Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi. ** Ungauged Civil Canals above the rim stations 13
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) • The NWFP/ Balochistan projects, under execution, were provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses. • Balance river supplies (including flood supplies and future storages) was to be distributed as below: Punjab Sindh Balochistan KP Total 37 37 12 14 100 % The need for storages, wherever feasible on the Indus and other rivers was admitted and recognized by the participants for planned future agricultural development. 14
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) • There would be no restrictions on the provinces to undertake new projects within their agreed shares. • No restrictions were placed on small schemes not exceeding 5, 000 acres above elevation of 1200 ft. • No restrictions were placed on developing irrigation uses in the Kurram / Gomal / Kohat basins, so long as these do not adversely affect the existing uses on these rivers. • There were no restrictions on Balochistan, to develop the water resources of the Indus right bank tributaries, flowing through its areas. 15
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) The need for certain minimum escapage to sea, below Kotri, to check sea intrusion(Seawater intrusion is the movement of seawater into fresh water aquifers due to natural processes or human activities. Seawater intrusion is caused by decreases in groundwater levels or by was recognized. Sindh held the view, that the optimum level was 10 MAF, which was discussed at length, while other studies indicated lower/high figures. It was, therefore, decided that further studies would be undertaken to establish the minimal escapage needs downstream Kotri. rises inseawater levels) For the implementation of this accord, the need to establish an Indus River System Authority (IRSA) was recognized and accepted. 16
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991) IRSA was established vide Act No. XXII of 1992 passed by the Parliament and approved by the President of Pakistan on, the 6 th December 1992; One of the prime responsibilities of IRSA is the regulation and distribution of surface waters amongst the Provinces according to the allocation and policies given in the Water Accord 1991; To Settle any question that may arise between two or more Provinces in respect of distribution of river and reservoir waters; Any question in respect of implementation of Water Accord shall be settled by the Authority by the votes of the majority of members and in case of an equality of votes the Chairman 17 shall have a casting vote
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 1. Overall Water Scarcity 2. Gap b/w Demands and Water Availability 3. Large Annual and Seasonal Fluctuations in River Inflows 4. Decreasing Capacity of Existing Reservoirs 5. Over-Exploitation of Ground Water and related issues 18
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 1. Overall Water Scarcity • In Pakistan per capita water availability was about 5000 m 3 in 1947, which had dropped to less than 1000 m 3 in 2012. • Approximate water deficit at farm-gate level: > 15 MAF in 2008 & over 40 MAF in 2025. • The water resources in Pakistan are quite limited compared to future demand projections. 19
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 2. Gap b/w Demands and Water Availability Pakistan all together is in water short situation and its irrigation is based on the supply of available water to the maximum potential area The overall gap between demand supply is widening day by day There has been little change in surface water availability since the late 1970 s (i. e. after the completion of Tarbela dam), No Major storage reservoir has been constructed since construction of Tarbela dam in 1976 which has resulted in stagnation(still) of canal withdrawals to around 131 BCM (106 MAF) 20
Historic Demand Vs. Water Availability 21
Provincial Canal Head Withdrawals (Post Independence to to-date) Year Canal Withdrawals (MAF) 1947 69. 1 1965 88. 4 1967 -76 (Post-Mangla) 96. 0 1977 -82 (Post-Tarbela) 105. 0 1990 -1999 107. 0 2000 -2009 93. 5 2222
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 3. Large Annual and Seasonal Fluctuations in River Inflows Indus Basin river flows are associated with large inconsistency both for the long-term annual as well as for the seasonal flow patterns. Seasonal variations are much more pronounced, i. e. about 84 % of mean river flows are received during Kharif season and only 16 % during the Rabi season. The inter seasonal flow pattern is also not uniform and extreme variations in the river flows are observed during the three monsoon months, when around 70 % of the mean annual inflows are generated. This pattern of water availability requires large storage capacity for balancing both the annual, as well as, the seasonal fluctuations. 23
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ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 4. Decreasing Capacity of Existing Reservoirs The storage capacities of existing reservoirs are decreasing day by day due to sedimentation Based on the conservation projections, the anticipated capacity loss of existing storages is presented in table These capacity reductions will reflect on the system capacity to redistribute supplies during critical periods and the existing canal withdrawals would decline, if new storages are not added to the system 26
Anticipated Storage loss of Reservoirs Designed Live Storage Present Live Storage Sedimentation % Tarbela 9. 68 6. 77 2. 91 30 Mangla 5. 34 *4. 54 0. 80 15 Chashma 0. 77 0. 263 0. 51 66 Total 15. 79 11. 573 4. 22 27 * Excluding raising component. After raising additional 2. 99 MAF would be available 27
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 5. Over-Exploitation of Ground Water and related issues Ground water extraction through tube wells not only supplies additional water, but also provides flexibility to match surface water supplies with crop water requirements. Groundwater has been a major factor in increasing agricultural production Rapid increase in ground water usage with limited capacity for recharge is resulting in shrinking of groundwater areas. Due to rapid development of groundwater by the private sector, there is danger of further excessive lowering of water tables. 28
ISSUES AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS 5. Over-Exploitation of Ground Water and related issues Excessive lowering of water tables (30 -75 cm per year) in various canal commands has been reported Increasing secondary salinity(Secondary salinity is salinisation of soil, surface water or groundwater due to human activity such as urbanisation and agriculture) due to use of marginal quality ground water(Marginal-quality water includes urban wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and saline or sodic surface water and groundwater. ) and intrusion of saline water into fresh water aquifers. Because of its increasing demand, lowering of water tables continues at much faster rate and causes intrusion of saline water into freshwater aquifers. Excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides by the farmers is causing degradation of the groundwater quality particularly in the shallow aquifer 29
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 1. Optimal Harnessing of River Flows 2. Conjunctive Ground Water Use 3. Modernizing the Canal System 4. Water Conservation Measures 5. Innovative Techniques For Saline GW Areas 6. Demand Side Management 7. Enhancing Farmer’s Participation 8. Systematic Monitoring and Evaluation 9. Computer Applications For Improving Water Management 10. Environmental Protection Strategies 30
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 1. Optimal Harnessing of River Flows Construction of additional storages for seasonal and inter-year transfer of widely fluctuating river flows is perhaps the only option, which can not be neglected. It is also very important for the sustenance of the irrigated agriculture due to rapidly increasing water demand. 31
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 2. Conjunctive(conjoined/connective) Ground Water Use Conjunctive use refers to coordinated , combined and creative exploitation of ground and surface water for sustainable development. Conjunctive use of ground water has been instrumental in intensification of agriculture and raising crop yields in the past 32
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 3. Modernizing the Canal System Rehabilitation and modernization is required for improvement of the existing system to meet the enhanced needs & future development (partially underway) 33
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 4. Water Conservation Measures Water conservation measures can play an important role in sustainable agricultural development and may include: I. Lining of irrigation canals and water courses, II. Efficient irrigation (water application) methods, III. Suitable cropping pattern, IV. Proper pricing structures, V. Incentives for water conservation etc. VI. Land leveling for efficient water use VII. Better irrigation scheduling to reduce water stress 34
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 5. Innovative Techniques For Saline GW Areas Use innovative techniques to tap comparatively fresh water present in the form of thin layer over the saline water. Shallow multi-strainer wells and other such techniques may be the possible options. Select the crops tolerant to salinity and enhance cultural practices that aid in salt control 35
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 6. Demand Side Management Stagger(arrange) cultivation to reduce peak water requirements Allocation of water to preferential crops during the sensitive stages of growth Rationalize water rates, power tariffs and economic policies for encouraging water storage at local levels where ever possible. 36
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 7. Enhancing Farmer’s Participation Participatory Irrigation Management Approach is gaining world wide recognition for improvement Efforts are needed to enhance farmer’s participation in irrigation management, keeping in view the local constraints Past experience suggests that in Pakistan, farmers participation can be best achieved through a gradual and a phased process 37
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 8. Systematic Monitoring and Evaluation Systematic monitoring should be regular, continuous & meaningful Learn from the past experience for improving irrigation system operations and management planning 38
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 9. Computer Applications For Improving Water Management Data processing and analysis, simulation and geographic information systems (GIS) can be used for improvement Planning and scheduling of irrigation water and management decisions can be improved using computer software like cropwat etc 39
OPTIONS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 10. Environmental Protection Strategies Construction of storages for good quality water to mitigate the ill effects of secondary salinity developing at an alarming rate and control the over-exploitation of ground water The future drainage investments should be focused in the saline groundwater areas, with particular emphasis on finding low-cost and sustainable drainage technologies through ‘action research’ Mobilization of salt from deep-water storage should be avoided Small schemes to deal with urgent drainage needs in disaster areas Preventive measures of reducing drainage surplus through integrated irrigation & drainage management in the saline groundwater areas Improving operational efficiency of the existing drainage schemes Treatment of industrial and municipal effluent 40
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Skimming technique Skimming well is any technique employed with an intention to extract relatively freshwater from the upper zone of the fresh-saline aquifer. They are generally designed for irrigation or drinking water supply. 42
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