Water Khizar Nabeel Ali 10 10 2016 Contents
Water Khizar Nabeel Ali 10 -10 -2016
Contents �Water on earth �Water in life �WHO Water quality standards �WHO drinking water recommendations liter/ day �Average household requirements �Sources of water �Global scenario �Water pollution �Water scenario, Pakistan �Class activity
water �Water is a natural resources to sustain human health and well being; it is integral to virtually all economics activities , as well as supporting aquatic ecosystem. �Several factors affect water quality and availability including �Population growth �Environmental degradation �Climate change �Economic conditions �Technological capacity �Infrastructure and governance
water �Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase, and already a number of regions are chronically short of available water resources �As population continue to grow , lack of clean water supplies will soon be recognized as the worlds most critical concern.
Water on earth
world health assembly �In 1981 34 th world health assembly in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element of primary health care which is a key of the attainment of health for all year 2000. �Water is source of many diseases if not treated an handle properly. (details in Next Lecture) �Water based disease �Water washed disease �Water related disease �Water borne diseases
Water in life � 2/3 of body cells contains water �Water plays essential role in: • Body functions and • Biochemical reactions �Used as building material in every cell �Involved in mechanisms for controlling and maintaining normal body temperature �Acts as a medium for carrying: • nutrients to cells • wastes out of cells
Human body water composition
WHO , WATER QUALITY STANDARDS �The basic purpose provision of safe drinking water to the citizens. �The Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) has come forth with the national drinking water quality standards which are in implementation for water quality monitoring. �The WHO guidelines and standards are for �International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), �Food and Drug Administration (FDA), �Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)
Summary of WHO Guidelines. A. Bacteriological Qualities Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. E. g : E-Coli B. Chemicals of Health Significance Selenium, Uranium, Manganese, Fluoride, Iron, Sodium C. Other Parameters Colorless , Tasteless, Odorless, p. H : 6. 5 -8. 5 D. Pesticides Pyradite, 1, 2 -dicholoropropane. not be detectable E. Disinfectants Chloramines , Chlorine
Safe & wholesome water �Free from pathogenic agents �Free from harmful chemicals substances. �Pleasant to the taste i. e. free from color & odor �Usable for domestic proposes �Water is said to be polluted or contaminated when it does not fulfill the above criteria of WHO.
Drinking Water WHO Recommendations Liter/ day � 0 -6 Months – 0. 7* � 7 -12 months- 0. 8 �Children – 1. 3 -1. 7 �Men – 3. 7 �Women – 2. 7 �Pregnant women – 3. 0 �Lactating women – 3. 8
Functions of Water in Human Body • Transports nutrients and oxygen into cells • Regulates body temperature • Detoxifies • Moisturizes the air in lungs • Helps with metabolism • Helps organs to absorb nutrients • Other Wash & Sanitation Activities 13
Average Household requirements �A daily supply of 150 -200 ltr/capita to meet the needs for all domestic purposes.
Uses of Water �Domestic Use: Drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, flushing of toilets, gardening etc. �Public purposes: Cleaning streets, recreational purposes (swimming pools, public fountains, fire protection & public Parks) �Industrial Purposes: For processing & cooling. �Agricultural Purposes: Irrigation. �Power Production: from Hydro & steam power �Carrying away Waste: from institutions & establishments.
Consumption Pattern of Water, Pakistan
We need Lots of water. Water resources ?
Sources of water supply �RAIN A prime source of all water �SURFACE WATER Impounding Reservoirs Rivers & streams Tanks ponds & lakes �GROUND WATER Shallow Wells Deep Wells Springs
The water cycle
Sources of Water Supply �RAIN: Purest water in nature; �Physically: clear, bright, sparkling. �Chemically: Soft (corrosive action on lead pipes). �Bacteriologically: free from pathogens. �IMPURITIES: As it passes through the atmosphere, picks up suspended impurities as: dust, soot, microorganisms & gases. Gases react with water forming sulphuric acid & nitric acid (Acidic rain).
Sources of water supply �SURFACE WATER: �Rivers, tanks, lakes reservoirs, Dams & sea water. � Prone to contamination. Never safe for human consumption. Catchment area should be kept free of human & animal intrusion. �IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS: �Usually good quality water, clear & palatable. �When stored for a long period, growth of algae & other microorganisms.
Sources of water supply �RIVERS: �Always grossly polluted & quite unfit for drinking without treatment. �Characteristics: Turbid during rainy season dissolved & suspended impurities. Bacterial count may be very high. �Impurities: Direct connection between the alimentary canal of those living up stream & the mouth of those below. �Surface washings, sewage, industrial & trade wastes, bathing, animals etc. �Self Purification: Dilution, sedimentation, oxidation, sunlight & plants.
Sources of Water Supply �Sea Water: � 3. 5% salts in solution. � 19, 000 mg/ltr of chloride, 10, 600 mg/ltr of sodium & 1270 mg/ltr of magnesium. �Desalting & demineralization process involves heavy expenditure.
Sources of Water Supply �Ground Water: � Rain water percolating into the ground. , Cheapest & most practical means. Effective filtering medium. �Advantages: � Likely to be free from pathogens. � Usually no treatment required � Supply certain in dry season. � Less chance of contamination. � Disadvantages: � High in mineral content. (Ca & Mg) � Requires pumping.
Wells �Classified according to methods of construction: �Dug Wells: � Unlined katcha well �Pucca well. (step well obsolete) open wells a health hazard. �Improvement of dug wells: �Deepening the bottom, installing the hand pump. �Construction of platform & drainage. �Upper 10 ft of lining, watertight & raised 1 ft above the ground. �Concrete slab to cover the well.
Sanitary Well �Properly located, well constructed & protected against contamination. �Location: Site should be at higher elevation & should not be less 5 m or 50 ft from likely source of contaminationthan 1 � No user should have to carry water for more than 100 m. �Lining: Bricks or stones set in cement up to a depth of 6 m (20 feet) so that water enters from the bottom, not from the sides. It should be carried 2 -3 ft above ground level.
Tube wells �Bacteriologically safe & cheap. Pipe sunk into water-bearing stratum and fitted with a strainer at the bottom & hand pump or a motor at the top. Average well last for 5 -10 years, sometimes even up to 30 years. �Deep tube wells sunk by drilling through the successive substrata of gravel or rock. Several hundred meters deep. Requires mechanical drilling equipment & skilled engineering direction
Springs �When ground water comes to the surface and flows freely under natural pressure. �Types : Shallow & deep. �Shallow springs dry up in summers but deep springs do not show seasonal fluctuations. �No pumping needed. �Exposed to contamination. Well built protective structures needed to safeguard water quality.
Global scenario
Freshwater availability scenario (Per person) Global 1950 – 16, 800 cubic meters per annum 2000 – 6, 800 cubic meters per annum Reduction: 60 % in 50 years Pakistan 1950 – 5, 300 cubic meters per annum 2000 – 1, 200 cubic meters per annum !!!! Reduction: 77 % in 50 years Critical limit 1, 000 cubic meters person per annum
Future Water Scenario, Pakistan Year Population Water availability (Million) per capita (m 3) 1951 34 5300 1961 46 3950 1971 65 2700 1981 84 2100 1991 115 1600 2000 148 1200 2010 168 1066 2020 196 915 2025 209 850
Scarcity of water is issue , Fine But Water pollution issue of available resources
Water Pollution �Impurities: Natural & Man made impurities �Natural Impurities: �Gasses (nitrogen, CO 2, Hydrogen Sulphide) � dissolved minerals (Ca, Mg, Na) �suspended impurities & � microscopic organisms. �Man made Impurities: � Human activity, � urbanization �industrialization.
Water Pollution � Sewage: Decomposable organic matter & pathogenic agents. �Industrial & Trade Waste: Toxic agents ranging from metal salts to synthetic organic chemicals. �Agricultural pollutants: Fertilizers & pesticides. �Physical Pollutants: heat & radioactive substances.
Water Pollution �Indicators of Pollution: �Amount of total suspended solids. �Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Amount of Oxygen absorbed by a sample of water during a specified period (5 days) at a specified temperature (20 deg C) for the aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living organisms. Ranges from 1 mg/ltr for natural waters to 300 mg/ltr for untreated domestic sewage. � 100 mg/ltr weak, 300 mg/ltr strong.
Water Pollution �Even if source of water supply & treatment are of high standard pollution may still occur; �Corrosion of pipe lines, leaky joints & cross connections between water supply pipes and sewage drainage pipes. �Surveillance at every point in the distribution system to ensure safe supply.
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan �Water and sanitation are ignored sector in Pakistan �Majority of Pakistani people do not have access to safe drinking water and lack satisfactory sanitation systems �In 2005, approximately 38. 5 million people did not have access to safe drinking water and approximately 50. 7 million people lacked access to improved sanitation facilities in Pakistan �With the same trend, in 2015, 52. 8 million people deprived of safe drinking water and 43. 2 million people will be lacking adequate sanitation facilities in Pakistan 41
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan • Rivers and sub-soil water contaminated due to disposal of untreated domestic and industrial fluid wastes • Contamination starts right in the mountains Tourists to the hill stations contribute to garbage • Shandur Festival, at 12, 520 ft. altitude gathers almost 20, 000 people Produce around 5, 000 kg garbage – • pollutes glaciers, lakes and rivers Causes toxicity 42
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan �Garbage produced finds its way into water channels that supply drinking water to downstream areas �Survey conducted by NIH, Islamabad - upward trend in nitrate contents in drinking water of Islamabad and Rawalpindi �Bacteriological examination shows 94% water samples unsuitable for human consumption �Situation alarming because samples taken from posh F -11, G-7, G-9, G-11, and Airport areas in Islamabad �If this quality of water in model and modern city, imagine situation in other cities 43
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan SOME NEWSPAPER REPORTS �Residents of some villages on banks of River Chenab near Chiniot reported to suffer from stomach diseases due to poor quality drinking water �Reports appeared a few years back from Manga Mandi near Lahore �residents suffered from bone deformations �Unsafe drinking water reports from Sheikhupura, Lahore, Toba Tek Singh, Qsur, Hyderabad, Peshawar and other cities �In Karachi, people sell dirty water after recycling �Increased risk of kidney, stomach and skin diseases �Seashores exposed to oil contamination because of ship breaking in Gadani and leakage from oil tankers 44
Situation of Drinking Water in Pakistan �Oil drained into water damages marine life and pollutes environment �It finds its way into drinking water in Karachi �residents develop diseases and allergies 45
Class Activity Video Discussion
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