Wars and Revolutions of the Americas World Wars

Wars and Revolutions of the Americas

World Wars Begin European fighting began with several “world wars” Mostly involved local, colonial troops Laid groundwork for later European disputes These included……. . The War of the League of Ausberg AKA King William’s War of Spanish Succession AKA Queen Anne’s War of Austrian Succession AKA King George’s War

French And Indian War 1 st MAJOR war for North American succession Also known as the Seven Years’ War in Europe Britain What was the difference between this war and all others? Vs. What two countries were involved? France Inaugurated by George Washington’s attack on a French leader w/ VA militiamen 1 st European war primarily fought on AMERICAN soil Also took place in Europe, West Indies, Phillipines, Africa, and on the ocean

French and Indian War Battles of Quebec (1759) and Montreal (1760) lead to ultimate French surrender French power was COMPLETELY thrown off North American continent Left France with a small, but impacting population in N. America Officially ended with Treaty of Paris (1763) France relinquished all trans-Mississippi & New Orleans to Spain Britain received Florida from Spain in exchange for Cuba How did this war immediately affect Britain on a global stage?

French And Indian War As a result of the war, Britain emerged as both a dominant naval power and force in the Americas However, why was this counteractive to the British regime? Gave the British colonists confidence in their military strength Also gave experience and shattered the belief of British invincibility British soldiers began to belittle American colonists for their war efforts The Proclamation of 1763 (kept colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains) was overtly ignored and defied

The Road To Revolution In response to the new ordinances, colonists decided to adopt nonimportation agreements against British goods The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty reacted in violent ways Tarred and feathered nonimportation violators Raided houses, stole “No Taxation Without officials’ money, and Representation hanged signs in protest Townshend Acts Tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea Declaratory Act Reaffirmed Parliament’s right to “bind” the colonies Following the repeal of the Stamp Act, Britain passed several new different types of legislature

The Road To Revolution Several methodologies, tariffs, and acts lead to the change of colonial mindset from loyalty to rebellion Sugar Act 1 st Law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in colonies for crown Heavy British mercantilist values Strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts Stamp Act Revenue raised by Parliament to support the new military force

The Road To Revolution In addition, the Enlightenment’s emphasis on human reason appealed to the colonists Saw imperial rule as irrational and illogical What important event influenced the thinking of British colonists during this time? John Locke Thomas Paine; author of common sense What famous philosophers were most responsible for heightened colonial thinking? Ideas on representative government, popular sovereignty, and separation of powers of government helped to shape colonial thought Common Sense called for creation of a new political society where power was derived from citizens

The Road To Revolution Purpose of Townshend revenues were to pay the royal governor and judges’ salaries Boston Massacre How do you think the colonists felt and responded? First outward and overt displays of colonial defiance Boston Tea Party Culminating result was the Boston Massacre followed by the Boston Tea Party One of the 1 st to die was a “runaway” mulatto man by the name of Crispus Attucks

The Road To Revolution Irate and enraged, Parliament quickly passed the Intolerable Acts Boston Port Act Closed the Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order restored Restrictions on town meetings Quartering Act British soldiers could be lodged anywhere, including private homes Officials who killed colonists were sent back to Britain Which colony were these laws mainly meant to punish? The Quebec Act of 1774 extended the borders of the remaining French settlers This enraged the colonists due to the feared intrusion of French culture and political systems on colonial soil

The Road To Revolution In response to the Intolerable Acts, the First Continental Congress was summoned Met to address colonial grievances 12 of the 13 colonies were represented (Missing GA) Resulted in the creation of the Association (COMPLETE boycott of British goods) Lead to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, which signaled the beginning of the American Revolution

The Revolutionary War The Second Continental Congress met to adopt measures to become independent from Britain Army Raising Money Navy George Washington Marquis de Lafayette Also chose Colonel George Washington to be commander of the “experienced” colonial military (Unified by harsh experiences at Valley Forge) Were also aided by the young, French general Gilbert du Montier, Marquis de Lafayette (Trained soldiers and provided military services and money)

The Revolutionary War Colonial population: was divided primarily into two Patriots (Whigs) Loyalists (Tories) groups: Rebels; Supported Devoted to Britain and the king 16% of the population Consisted of officers, nobility, and older colonists revolution Can you make a connection here? 50% of the population Consisted of farmers, former soldiers, and former officials Loyalists were most numerous in Anglican area and least numerous in New England Many also remained apathetic or neutral, such as the Byrds of Virginia

The Revolutionary War The Battle of Bunker Hill was the first official battle of the revolutionary war Colonial attempt at sieging Boston Why do you believe that Boston needed to be sieged? Gunpowder and artillery (weapons) Second Continental Congress attempted to halt War by drafting an : ”Olive Branch Petition” King George refused and considered their acts to be treason

The Revolutionary War As a result of the preceding battles and various Enlightenment principles, the 13 united colonies decided to officially separate from Britain Inspired by the ideas of Locke and Voltaire ”natural rights” “freedom of speech” Written as inspiration to enlist other British colonies Used to invite assistance from foreign nations Used to rally support on colonial soil Approved and adopted on July 4, 1776, became known as the Declaration of Independence Written by a Virginia Lawyer named Thomas Jefferson

The Revolutionary War As another measure of military strategy, the now documented and deemed “United States of America” attempted a siege of Canada. Why would Canada need to be sieged? Would add a 14 th colony and deprive Britain of a potential military base Was unsuccessful due to the lack of experience and lack of preparation of American troops for Canadian climate

The Revolutionary War In response to the declaration, the British (Redcoats) sent 35, 000 troops to New York (British base of operations) Met by Washington’s 18, 000 troops How was this action indicative of British actions toward Americans? Ridiculed and toyed with the colonial militia Horribly defeated and driven back into Manhattan Momentum shift in war came with the re-crossing of the Delaware River by colonial troops, led by George Washington Ambushed and captured several British forces

The Revolutionary War Concurrently, several battles took place Battle of Brandywine Creek Both ended in a British victory and the siege of Philadelphia (American capital) Battle of Germantown However, another momentum shift came at Saratoga American win at Battle of Saratoga provided a much needed inspiration and revival in colonies Also provided gateway to much needed foreign assistance from France

Native American Involvement Native American tribes were also split in the decision to support nations in the Revolutionary War The Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas supported the British Most Native Americans were urged by Chief Joseph Brant to support the British cause The Oneidas and Tuscaroras supported the Americans Why was this? Ended in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, which was the first treaty between the United States and a Native American nation Native Americans ceded most of their lands

The Revolutionary War Eager for revenge and seeking to regain prestige in Europe, France joined the American struggle Provided much needed troops, supplies, and experience How did Franklin affect diplomacy with his new ideas? For what other reason(s) would France want to join the war? Through appearance, humility, and connections with Enlightenment thinkers Also looking to alter international affairs, Benjamin Franklin began a “smaller revolution” in International diplomacy Used potential Anglo-American reconciliation as fuel to pull France in to support

The Revolutionary War Spain and Holland also entered the fight against the tyrannical Britain French and Spanish fleets now horribly outnumbered the those of Britain War was now also being fought in South America, Caribbean, and Asia The revolution was now a world war Led by General Charles Cornwallis, Britain exercised a last ditch effort to take control over the Southern colonies, which were still primarily Loyalist

The Revolutionary War Several battles followed the inclusion of these European superpowers Battle of the Chesapeake Capes French fleets occupied the Chesapeake Bay, cutting off General Cornwalis and British forces American privateers captured many British prizes/merchant ships & gave gold and morale to the cause Battle of Yorktown British is surrounded by Washington/Rochambeau ’s troops by land; Admiral de Grasse’s ships by sea

Peace At Paris Surrounded and weary of war, General Cornwallis had no choice but to surrender The revolutionary war was finally over Spain was allowed to retain Louisiana, which had been captured Britain recognized the USA as an independent nation United States received all lands from east coast to Mississippi river in the west, Great Lakes in north, and Florida in south Spain re-acquired Florida from British End result was the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783) Led by Ben Franklin, John Adams (NE), and John Jay (NY)

The Americas Revolt!! Seeing the success of the British settlements, other various colonies sought independence from their mothering countries, including France, Spain, and Portugal (in chronological order) Included were the. . . Venezuelan Revolution Led by Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin Haitian Revolution Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Mexican Revolution Led by Father Miguel Hidalgo Brazilian Revolution “Bloodless Revolution”

Up Next……. A New Nation is Formed