Warmup In your own words define the word

Warm-up In your own words define the word “map”. What things should all maps include?

Introduction to Mapping

Maps A MAP is a flat representation of a 3 dimensional object.

Every Map should have: Map Legend Map Scale Compass rose Title The Best Map Ever! Date July 4 th, 1776

Reference Points • a REFERENCE POINT is a fixed place on the Earth’s surface from which direction and location can be described • For Earth these are usually the poles

Cardinal Directions • The four major directions are known as CARDINAL DIRECTIONS • North • South • East • West

True North • A compass is a tool that uses the natural magnetism of the Earth to show direction. A compass points to the Earth’s magnetic pole. • True North: the direction to the geographic North Pole • Magnetic declination: the difference between the magnetic north and the true north

Latitude • Latitude lines are imaginary lines on the earth's surface. They run east and west around the globe and tell your distance north or south of the Equator.

• • Degrees of Latitude o Equator is 0 Poles are 90 o N (north pole) 90 o. S (south pole) Divide by 60 into minutes or 35’ Divide minutes by 60 into seconds or 15’’ 9

Longitude • Longitude lines are imaginary lines on the earth's surface that run from pole to pole around the globe and tell your distance east or west from the Prime Meridian.

Degrees of Longitude • Range from 0 o – 180 o W o o • Range from 0 – 180 E • International dateline is 180° • Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian • Not parallel, extend vertically from pole to pole. • Distance between lines vary with location 11

Prime Meridian The meridian (line of longitude) at which the longitude is arbitrary defined to be zero. Set at an international conference in 1884 passing the line through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, United Kingdom.

Latitude and Longitude Coordinate format: (Latitude Direction, Longitude Direction) (36° N , 79°W)

A location’s coordinates (____° N or S, ____ ° E or W)

Fractions of a Degree • 1 degree = 60 minutes or 1 minute is 1/60 th of a degree • Use minutes if location is not directly on the latitude/longitude line • Written ----- Degree/minute = XX° xx’ compass direction 30’ is halfway between degrees

Application N W E S North America is in the Northern Hemisphere because it is north of the Equator. North America is in the Western Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian.

LONGITUDE AND TIME • The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours. 360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour • The world has 24 time zones, each l 5° apart. IN GENERAL, THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF LONGITUDE

Greenwich, England is the logical starting point for time zones • The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), time zones to the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west

ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING • EAST INCREASE Time is forward to all places to the east • WEST LESS Time is backward to all places to the west

East Increase – West Less (1 hr per l 5°) If it 9 p. m. at Position D, what time is it at position C? B? If it is 1 p. m. at Position X, at which location is the time 5 p. m. ?

World Time Zones

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180° • SEPARATES CALENDAR DAYS. America to Asia – gain a day Asia to America – lose a day

Mapping Technology • Remote Sensing is a technique for collecting information without having to be there. • Examples: Satellites, Red-light cameras

Global Positioning System (GPS) • Invented in the 1970’s by the military • Uses radio signals sent to Earth to find exact locations • Units are sold today that fit into the palm of your hand

Practice 25

Find these countries. Latitude is always given first: (you have a map in your time tracker) 1) 39° N, 116° E 2) 52° N, 13° E 3) 30° N, 31° E 4) 33° S, 18° E 5) 28° N, 106° W 6) 51° N, 0° 5’ W 7) 21° N, 39° E 8) 48° N, 2° E 9) 35° N, 139° E 10) 24° S, 151° E 11) 34° N, 118° W 12) 29° N, 95° W 26

• Find these cities. Latitude is always given first: 1) 39° 56’ N, 116° 17’ E – Beijing, China 2) 52° 30’ N, 13° 25’ E – Berlin, Germany 3) 30° 2’ N 31° 21’ E – Cairo, Egypt 4) 33° 55’ S 18° 22’ E – Cape Town, South Africa 5) 28° 37’ N 106° 5’ W – Chihuahua, Mexico 6) 51° 32’ N 0° 5’ W – London, England 7) 21° 29’ N 39° 45’ E – Mecca, Saudi Arabia 8) 48° 48’ N 2° 20’ E – Paris, France 9) 35° N 139° E – Tokyo, Japan 10) 24° S 151° E – Sydney, Australia 11) 34° N 118° W – Los Angeles, California 12) 29° N 95° W – Houston, Texas 27