WARMUP 112 Transcribe the following DNA sequence TAC

WARMUP 1/12 � Transcribe the following DNA sequence �TAC CGA TGG AUG _______ �Where does transcription occur? _____ � Translate the above m. RNA strand �Methionine (Met) __________ �Where does translation occur? _____

MUTATIONS! � Changes � Intro in DNA to mutation

2 KINDS � Chromosomal mutations result in duplication or deletion of a whole gene. � Gene mutations are changes to one or a few nucleotides of a gene. � These are also called point mutations.

SUBSTITUTION �A base is changed to another base. � Example: ATTGGG ATCGGG � Usually only affects one amino acid.

DELETION �A base(s) is removed from the DNA sequence � Example: ATTGGG ATGGG � This means every codon that follows has been changed (unless 3 bases are deleted)

INSERTION �A base(s) is inserted in the DNA sequence � Example: ATTGGG ATTCGGG � Means every codon that follows is changed (unless 3 bases are added)

FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS � � � Deletion and insertion are also called frameshift mutations because they usually change every codon afterwards. They can make a protein non-functional. (How would this affect the trait? ) Example: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT – insert a “B” after the “A” in “FAT” THE FAB TCA TAT ETH ERA T THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT – delete the “T” in “FAT” THE FAC ATA TET HER AT Mutation