Warm Up March 19 Answer the following questions

Warm Up – March 19 • Answer the following questions on a post it: • 1. Describes the influences of the Renaissance. What new style developed during the Renaissance. • 2. How was Renaissance art different than Medevil art • 3. Describe the significance of Martin Luther • 4. What were Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church?

PERIOD 4: 1450 -1750 (GLOBAL INTERACTIONS) The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Protestant Reformation • Started in 1517 by a German priest named Martin Luther • Issued a document called the 95 Theses • Nailed it to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany • Outlined his issues with the Catholic Church

The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther was critical of the following abuses conducted by the Catholic Church: • Selling church positions The selling of indulgences Pope Leo X (above) sold church positions and indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome • Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven • Luxurious life of the popes • Corruption and immorality of some clergy

Martin Luther’s Beliefs • Salvation = came through faith alone; God’s grace is freely and directly granted to believers • Source of religious authority = the Bible (as interpreted by the individual), not the Pope or church leaders • These ideas = created a massive rift between Catholic and Protestant Christianity

Spread of Protestantism • Reformation thinking spread quickly within and beyond Germany thanks to the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg • Luther’s 95 Theses, many pamphlets, and his German translation of the New Testament were soon widely available • As the movement spread to the rest of Europe, it splintered, creating a variety of different Protestant churches • Ex: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist, Puritan, etc.

Spread of Protestantism

Calvinism • Established by John Calvin in Switzerland • Preached predestination = God determines the fate of every person

The Church of England • King Henry VIII (ruled from 1509 -1547) wanted a divorce from his first wife (Catherine of Aragon) • She had 6 children -- only 1 survived (a girl named Mary) • King wanted a male heir to the throne • King thought Catherine of Aragon was too old and he wanted to marry the young, beautiful Anne Boleyn instead • Problem = the Pope refused to grant the King a divorce

The Church of England • Result = Henry VIII separated England from the Pope and the Catholic Church • Made himself head of the new “Church of England” • Kept Catholic practices & traditions, but denied authority of the Pope • Had supporters of the old religion killed

The Church of England • King Henry VIII had the Church of England end his marriage with Catherine & he married Anne Boleyn • Anne bore him a daughter = Elizabeth I • Henry VIII married 4 more times after this & only got 1 son = Edward VI (got the throne, but died in his teens)

The Church of England • Henry’s daughter Mary tried to restore Catholicism when she became Queen • Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake • Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”

Anglicanism • Mary’s sister Elizabeth I became Queen when Mary died blended features of the Church of England Catholicism • Religion called Anglicanism • Pleased most people • Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all its Catholic elements ended up leaving for North America where they could have more religious freedom

Religious Conflicts • 1562 – 1598 = violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France French Protestants = called Huguenots = the minority • In one day (in 1572) = about 3, 000 Huguenots were massacred by Catholic mobs • 1598 = King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes • Granted religious toleration to French Protestants • Idea = soon they’d return to the Catholic Church Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572

Religious Conflicts • Thirty Years’ War (1618 -1648) = war between Catholics and Protestants • Started in Holy Roman Empire; soon took over most of Europe • Destructive war • 15 -30% of German population died from violence, famine, or disease • 1648 = Peace of Westphalia signed • Redrew some European political Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War boundaries • Said each state was independent and could control its own religious affairs

Catholic Counter-Reformation • Pope Paul III wanted to reform the Catholic Church to win back followers and stop the growth of Protestant faiths • Council of Trent (1545 -1563) 1) 2) 3) Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

Long Essay Question (LEQ) • Option 1: periods 1 -2 • Option 2: periods 3 -4 • Option 3: periods 5 -6 • 40 minutes

Long Essay Question (LEQ) • 1 st Paragraph - Introduction – • Thesis – address the question and state your argument (1 sentence) THEN in your next sentence state 2 - 3 pieces of evidence that you will use to support your argument • Context – same as DBQ (2 -3 sentences) • 2 nd Paragraph – go into detail about the first piece of evidence – give specific examples to support your argument • 3 rd Paragraph - go into detail about the first piece of evidence – give specific examples to support your argument • Conclusion – Compare OR Contrast to a similar historical event

Long Essay Practice Question • Continuity and Change over Time (CCOT) – one of your reasons needs to be an example to show something did not change, and one example needs to show a change • Causation (Cause and Effect) – One example needs to be a cause of the event in the question, one needs to be an effect of the event in the question • Comparison – Both examples need to be comparing the events in the question

Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages • Thesis - The Crusades represented a turning point in the Middle Ages as it brought back trade to Western Europe and also represented the start of a period where cultures began to interact. • Context – Feudalism, a government based on trading land for loyalty, represented the political structure of the Middle Ages. People lived and worked on a manor, rarely interacting with different people. The Crusades, holy wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the holy land of Jerusalem, helped to end this isolation and represented a return to trading and cultural interaction.

Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades represented a turning point in Europe during the Middle Ages • 2 nd Paragraph – go into detail about how the Crusades brought back trade to Western Europe – give 2 examples to support • 3 rd Paragraph – go into detail about how the Crusades brought back the interaction between different cultures – give 2 examples to support. • 4 th Paragraph – Conclusion – Connect the Crusades being a turning point to a similar event that occurred at any point in history – Ex. The Protestant Reformation as a turning point in 1450 -1750

Long Essay Question Practice • Evaluate the extent to which the Protestant Reformation represented a turning point in Europe during the period 1450 -1750

TOD – March 16 • Answer the following questions on a post – it: • 1. Describe the significance of Martin Luther • 2. What practices of the church was Martin Luther critical of? • 3. How do Calvinists differ from Martin Luther in regards to how an individual achieves salvation?