Warm Up 11414 Waves in shallow water become

Warm Up 11/4/14 • Waves in shallow water become bent and begin to run parallel to shore, a process known as: a) Erosion b) Reflection c) Refraction • An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a ______. • Which of the following is a landform created by wave erosion? • a) Spit b) Tombolo c) sea arch d) breakwater

The Atmosphere • The sun’s energy interacts with the atmosphere and the oceans, providing Earth’s climate and weather.

Composition of Air and Air Pressure • Air contains nitrogen (78%); Oxygen (21%); Argon (1%); Carbon Dioxide (0. 03%); and other gases • Water vapor and other contaminants are not included in the composition listed above.

• The Structure of the Troposphere Atmosphere – Temperatures decrease with altitude 16 o. C → -60 o. C

• The Structure of the Troposphere Atmosphere – The air is warmed by heat radiating from Earth’s surface, the evaporation of water vapor, and water vapor condensing back to Earth. – Extends from Earth’s surface upward 12 km (7 miles) and contains 90% of the atmospheric gases.

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Stratosphere – The tropopause (the dividing line between the troposphere and the stratosphere) occurs where the temperature no longer decreases. – Temperatures increase with altitude -60 o. C → 0 o. C

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Stratosphere – Contains the ozone layer (O 3) that reduces the amount of harmful ultraviolet radiation. – Extends from 12 km to 50 km (7 -30 miles). – Contains 9% of the atmospheric gases.

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Mesosphere – The stratopause (between the stratosphere and mesosphere) occurs where the temperature stops increasing. – The temperature decreases with altitude 0 o. C → -90 o. C

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Mesosphere – There are very few gas molecules, so the pressure is 1/1000 th of that at Earth’s surface. – Extends from 50 km to 90 km (30 -54 miles).

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Thermosphere – The mesopause (between the mesosphere and thermosphere) occurs where the temperature stops going down.

The Structure of the Atmosphere (cont’d) • Thermosphere – The temperature increases with altitude -90 o. C → unknown – This is the site of the Aurora Borealis

Composition of Air and Air Pressure • Air pressure is the force with which a column of air presses down on Earth’s surface. • The average atmospheric pressure on Earth’s surface at sea level = 1 atm (atmosphere).