WARM UP 1 1018 Describe the difference between

WARM UP � 1. 10/18 Describe the difference between the Deciduous Forest and the Coniferous Forest Biomes. � 2. How are the TUNDRA and DESERT similar? How are they different?

TODAY’S AGENDA… � 1. Put ANSWERS INTO I-RESPOND…. (I will call you up to do so. ) Not everyone can use an i-respond at once. � 2. While we are waiting, you should be working on the AQUATIC BIOMES WORKSHEET if needed. It needs to be handed in when you are finished. � 3. BIOME PASSPORT FILL IN– We will work as a class to fill in any gaps in your passport books.

BIOME PASSPORT Please take careful notes!! You will use the Biome books for your upcoming Biome project! AND for the BIOME EXAM on 10/23 & 10/24 IF YOU RUN OUT OF SPACE, PUT THE INFORMATION IN YOUR IAN!

BIOME NAMES…. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest (Tiaga) Tropical Rainforest Savanna (Tropical Grassland) Desert You need to be Tundra QUIETLY and Marine Freshwater independently working

DECIDUOUS FOREST (Temperate Forest) � Temperature: Summer: 28 Deg. C (82 F) Winter: 6 Deg. C (43 F) Rainfall: 75 -125 cm (29. 5 -49 in) Soil: Fertile (Allows many different types of trees to grow) Common Plants(Flora): Treesoak, beech, maple, elm, willow Flowering herbs

Deciduous continued… � Plant Adaptations: Leaves fall off the trees in order to conserve water � Common Herbivores: ◦ Possums, rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, deer ◦ Common Carnivores: �Bears, snakes, woodpeckers � Animal Adaptations: ◦ Some animals hibernate in the winter ◦ Animals gather food to store to make it through the winter ◦ Many grow thicker coats to keep warm in winter and shed in summer

Endangered Species of Deciduous Forests… � American Bald Eagle � American Black Bear � Duckbill Platypus

Description of the Biome: 4 Seasons (summer, winter, spring, fall) Found in the eastern half of North America, middle of Europe, Asia, New Zealand Australia Losing land due to farms and humans building (some areas protected)

Coniferous Forest (Taiga or Boreal Forest) � Temperature: Summer: 14 Deg C(57 F) Winter: -10 Deg. C (14 F) Rainfall: 35 -75 cm (14 -29. 5 in) Soil: thin, nutrient poor, and acidic Common Plants (Flora): Conifer trees (have seeds, pinecones) Pine, Fir, Spruce

Coniferous Continued… � Plant Adaptations: ◦ Conifer trees have a waxy coating to prevent them from drying out, and protects them from cold winters ◦ Trees stay green all year round– called evergreen trees � Common Animals: ◦ Woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, deer, chipmunks, bats ◦ Animal Adaptations: �Hibernation �Migration �Storage �Body and Color Adaptation (thicker coats in winter, different colors)

Endangered Species of Coniferous… � Grizzly � Great Bear Grey Owl � Siberian Tiger

Description of the Coniferous Biome… � The Coniferous Forest has cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; welldefined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months.

Tropical Rainforest � Temperature: Daytime: 34 Deg C (93 F) Nighttime: 20 Deg C (68 F) (Doesn’t have distinguished seasons) � Rainfall: � Soil: � up to 400 cm per year (157. 5 in) Nutrient poor, acidic, topsoil is only 2 inches Where rainforests are located: -Central America -Africa -Indo-Malaysia India -Southeast Asia, - New Guinea and Australia.

Tropical Rainforest Continued… � Common animals: ◦ Jaguar, many tropical birds, small mammals, Insects make up the largest single group of animals � Animal Adaptations:

Common Plants (Flora): Highly diverse plant life, has more kinds of trees than any other area in the world, Only covers 6% of the Earth’s surface, but provides 20% of our oxygen. � Plant Adaptations: ◦ plants shed water off their leaves quickly so the branches don't get weighed down and break To absorb as much sunlight as possible, leaves are very large

Endangered Animals in Tropical Rainforests: � Jaguars � Orangutans � Macaws � Sloths

Savannas (Tropical Grasslands) Contain the greatest number of grazing animals on Earth. Location: Found in the tropics…near equator Amount of precipitation supports tall grasses but only occasional trees. The word savanna stems from an Amerind term for plains http: //www. runet. edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG 235/biomes/savanna. html

Tropical Savanna Abiotic Factors Temperature: Dry Season- 34 Deg C (93 Degrees) Wet Season: 16 Deg. C (61 Degrees) ~Rainy and dry season ~25 -150 in/yr precipitation ~Fire plays a large role in this ecosystem http: //www. cotf. edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah. html

Whistling Thorn Umbrella Thorn Acacia Kangaroos Paws Baobab http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/savanna_plant_page. htm Tropical Savanna Plant Adaptations Grows in Tufts Resistance to Drought Many plants have thorns and sharp leaves to protect against predation.

Chacma Baboon Zebras Tropical Savanna Animal Adaptations Adapt for short rainy season—migrate as necessary Limited food leads to vertical feeding Reproduce during rainy season— ensures more young survive http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/savanna_animal_page. htm

Threats to the Tropical Savanna Invasive species Changes in fire management Elephant Because of their low elevation, some savannas are threatened by minor rises in sea level associated with global climate change Koala http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/savanna_animal_page. htm

Steppe (Temperate Grassland) Dry, cold, grasslands Location: Found in Russia and the Ukraine Temperature: Summer: 30 Degrees C (86 F) Winter: 0 Degrees C (32 F) Rainfall: 150 cm(59 inches) http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/steppe. htm

Steppe Abiotic Factors Precipitation: Less than 50 inches per year (50 -90 cm) www. wsu. edu Soil: Deep Dark, fertile upper layers. Nutrient rich. Mountains often play a role in climate characteristics www. plasmacy. de

Plant adaptations of the Steppe * Most abundant are plants called Bunch grasses, fine bladed grasses that grow in clumps to preserve water * Trees such as cottonwoods, oaks and willows grow in river valleys. Tumbleweed http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/steppe_plant_page. htm Sweet Vernal

Adaptations of Steppe Animals § Many migrate, hibernate or burrow during extremes in temperatures and precipitation. Mongolian Gerbil Types of animals: gazelles, zebras, jack rabbits, coyotes, badgers, skunks, blackbirds, Saiga Antelope Gazelle herd http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/steppe_animal_page. htm

Threats to the Steppe (List under description of biome) Overgrazing…nomadic tribes have started to spend more time in one location, Lynx Infrastructure development (roads, buildings, etc) Unmanaged hunting and poaching is destroying herds of animals Milk vetch Corsac fox http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/steppe. h

Desert Ecosystems Location: Depending on type of desert, you will find them in various locations.

Desert § Abiotic factors Less than 10 in/yr of rain (Less than 25 cm) SOIL: ~Shallow, rocky or gravely ~Little to no topsoil due to high winds. ~Minerals not deep in soil. http: //www. cotf. edu/ete/modules/msese/earths ysflr/taiga. html Temperature: Summer 38 Deg C (100 F) Winter: 7 Deg C (45 F) While there are many types of deserts, they all share one characteristic: They are the driest places on Earth!

Barrel Cactus Desert Plant Adaptations: § Spines § Succulents § Thick, waxy cuticle § Shallow, broad roots Joshua Tree § All adapt to having little water http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/desert_plant_page. htm Ocotollio

Bob Cat Armadillo Lizard Desert Animal Adaptations: § § § Get water from food Thick outer coat Burrow during day Large ears Smaller animals = less surface area http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/desert_animal_page. htm Javelina

http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/world_biomes. htm Threats to the Desert Residential development Off road recreational activities destroy habitat for plants and animals. Some plants are removed by collectors, endangering the population. Sonoran Desert Dry Desert

Barrel Cactus Desert Plant Adaptations: § Spines § Succulents § Thick, waxy cuticle § Shallow, broad roots Joshua Tree § All adapt to having little water http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/desert_plant_page. htm Ocotollio

Tundra Temperature: Summer: 12 D Deg. C(54 F) Winter: -26 Deg. C (-15 F) Location: Found north of the Arctic Circle http: //www. runet. edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG 235/biomes/tundra. html

Tundra Abiotic Factors § § Rainfall: Less than 25 inches per year Temp rarely higher than 100 C Permafrost layer Short growing season http: //www. cotf. edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga. html

Reindeer lichen Tundra Plant Adaptations Growing close to the ground Having shallow roots to absorb the limited water resources. Trees grow less than 1 m high! cottongrass

Perennials Woody shrubs Heaths Examples of Tundra Plants http: //www. runet. edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG 235/biomes/tundra. html

snowy owl Arctic fox Small ears Insulation, thick coat Tundra Animal Adaptations Other animals: ~polar bears ~salmon ~caribou ~ falcons ~Breed and raise young quickly in the summer, ~migration ~Few predators Grizzly Bear

Threats to the Tundra Tufted Saxifrage Oil drilling is proposed in Alaska and other One of the most fragile biomes on the planet Polar Bear The tundra is slow to recover from damage.

Freshwater Ecosystems � Salinity <0. 5 ppt. � Lake are the deepest of fresh water systems � Lakes are fed by underground aquifer or stream � Ponds are fed by rainfall and may be seasonal http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/fresh/

Ponds Microscopic Animals and Algae � Sun can reach bottom � Fed by rainfall � May be seasonal � Algae and plants throughout

Lakes and ponds—Abiotic Factors Littoral zone: nutrient rich area found close to shore www. dnr. wi. gov Benthic zone: bottom of the lake where no sunlight can reach. www. uwsp. edu

Lakes and ponds: Plants and Animals Adaptations � Plants are floating algae and plants along shoreline � Animals live in or near water

Threats to lakes and ponds www. aquaticbiomes. gov All water systems are being polluted and degraded by human impact

Marsh http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/fresh/wetlands/ Uses: Animal/plant homes Carbon “sink” Types: Brackish and freshwater Water recharge areas, removing pollutants

Marsh—Plant adaptations � Very shallow with land occasionally exposed � Saturated soil � Low oxygen in water and soil � Emergent plants Heron http: //www. blueplanetbiomes. org/world_biomes. htm

Swamp/Bogs Location: Found on flat, poorly drained land, often near streams

Swamps/Bogs Abiotic factors Land soaked because of poor drainage Decay is slow - Soil is acidic Swamps Large trees/shrubs Adapted to muddy soils Bogs - sphagnum moss is dominant http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/fresh/wetlands/

Threats to Wetlands www. kathimitchell. com Previous backfilling and clearing for farmland or development has been a concern. http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/glossary/gloss 5/b iome/aquatic. html

River: Plant and Animal Adaptations www. 3 d-screensaverdownloads. com www. cs. dartmouth. edu Will vary based on where in the river they are…at the headwaters, organisms need to hang on!

Industry uses Threats water to to Rivers Dams alter the dispose of flow of the waste products water Runoff from homes and other places causes changes in acidity, pollution, etc. www. nwk. usace. army. mil

Estuaries http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/salt/sandy/ � Fresh and salt water meet

Plant and Animal Adaptations of Estuaries Manatee and goose Very productive biome because it receives lots of light and nutrients Often used as nursery for young www. lookoutnow. com & www. visualparadox. com

Threats to Estuaries Many ports are found on estuaries— pollution Human population pers-erf. org www. davenewbould. co. uk

Coral Reefs � Close to equator � Consistent water temperature � Shallow water � Low in Nutrients

Animal adaptations of the Coral Reef � Breeding area for many fish http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/salt/coral/

Threats to the Coral Reefs Temperature is important, too hot or too cold and the animals can’t live there to create limestone Human intrusion (scuba diving) is damaging if you touch/step on the reef Pollution is also a concern. www. calacademy. org

Oceans http: //mbgnet. mobot. org/salt/sandy/

Ocean Abiotic factors Open ocean is one of Covers nearly ¾ of the least productive Earth’s areas on earth, too surface. little sunlight to support plant growth http: //www. worldbiomes. com/bio mes_aquatic. htm

Ocean Plant adaptations Plants are micro and macroscopic Have floating plants (kelp shown here) http: //www. calstatela. edu/faculty/eviau/edit 557/oceans/norma/onfrm. htm

Ocean Animal Adaptations Hammerhead Lion fish Zooplankton— sea’s smallest herbivores Deep ocean animals feed on detritus— floating debris in the water column. http: //www. kidzworld. com/site/p 1951. htm

Threats to the Oceans While the oceans are vast, they are becoming more polluted Overfishing and some fishing methods are destroying fishing grounds. http: //www. worldbiomes. com/biomes_aquatic. htm

Polar Ecosystems Can be considered marine ecosystems since the base of food chain is phytoplankton www. awi-bremerhaven. de www. defenders. org

Arctic vs. Antarctic Relatively Penguins live here— shallow, lots of only continent not nutrients for used by humans large variety of (exc. Research) animals in food web, People, seals and polar bears found nmml. afsc. noaa. gov here.

Threats to the Polar Ecosystems Reserves of minerals draw humans to these fragile ecosystems. The main threat to wildlife has been the increase in tourism—garbage left behind newt. phys. unsw. edu. a u

MARINE BIOMES… � Oceans � Photic Zone– Portion of marine biome that is shallow enough to penetrate sunlight � (coastlines-shore, beaches, mudflats) � Aphotic Zone– Deeper Waters that do not receive sunlight. (Deep, least explored oceans) � Phos- Light (Greek) � A- Without (Greek)

Marine Life � Largest amounts of biomass (living materials) though often very small � Whales, � Kelp, seals, sea otters, sea cows algea, sea grass

Estuary � Bay, sound, fjord, salt marshes, wetlands � Freshwater mixes with salt water (some land) � Brackish Water (more salt than freshwater; but less than marine) � Salinity ranges ◦ Amount of freshwater vs. Saltwater ◦ Tides ◦ Biodiversity

Estuary Life � Eelgrass, smooth cordgrass, sea lavender � Shiner Perch, Starry Flounder Orange Striped Jellyfish, Purple Shore Crab, Scallop � Predators– � Decay cranes and other birds of dead organisms is quick, nutrients recycled through food web.

Freshwater Biomes � Major abiotic factors: temperature and light � Not enough sunlight penetrates to bottom to support photosynthesis ◦ Few aquatic plants or algea grow ◦ Population density lower ◦ Bacteria break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients

Freshwater Life � Concentric � Cattails, bands or clusters of species sedges � Tadpoles, aquatic insects, turtles, worms, crayfish, beetles, dragonflies, minnows, bluegill, carp.