Walking Working Surfaces Quiz Name three walking working

Walking, Working Surfaces • Quiz: Name three walking, working surfaces.

Answer • • • Floors Ladders Stairways Platforms Walkways Scaffolding

QUIZ • NAME THREE TYPES OF LADDERS. FIXED STEP EXTENSION

Which of the following will you not find on an extension ladder? • • STEP RUNG CLEAT FEET

DEFINITIONS • Floor Hole- opening measuring less than 12 inches and more than 1 inch. • Floor Opening- opening measuring more than 12 inches. • Handrail- a pipe or single bar supported on brackets, as on a stairway or ramp, to furnish persons a handhold.

Platform- an elevated working surface above the surrounding floor or ground. Toeboard- a verticle barrier constructed at the edge of a runway, floor opening, platform or ramp to prevent falls of materials. (4 inches) Riser- The upright member of a step situated at the back of the lower tread and at the leading edge of the next higher tread. Tread- the horizontal member of a step.

Ladders: an appliance consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by cross pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a person may step either descending or ascending. Types: Stepladder Single Ladder Extension Ladder Sectional Ladder Trestle Ladder Trolley Ladder Side Rolling Ladder

Railings- a barrier constructed along the edges of a floor opening, ramp, platform or runway to prevent falls of persons. Top Rail- 39 - 42 inches high Mid Rail- midway between floor and top rail Vertical Member- every 8 feet. Must be able to withstand 200 pounds of pressure. Pitch- the angle between the horizontal and the ladder, measured on the opposite side of the ladder from the climbing side.

Rungs- ladder cross pieces of circular or oval cross-section on which a person steps ascending or descending. Cleats- ladder cross pieces of rectangular crosssection placed on edge on which a person steps ascending or descending. Steps- flat cross pieces of a ladder on which a person may step ascending or descending. Cage- a guard or basket guard fastened to a fixed ladder to encircle the climber to prevent falls- 7’.

Guardrail- a rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms. Scaffold- any temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure used to support workmen or materials or both.

General Requirements • Housekeeping: – All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean, orderly and sanitary. – Floors must be kept clean and dry. Where wet processes are used drains shall be maintained and false floors, mats or other dry standing places should be provided. – Working surfaces shall be kept clear of protruding nails, splinters, holes or loose boards

Aisles and Passageways • Sufficient, safe clearances must be maintained for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. • Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repairs, with no obstructions across or in aisles that could create hazards. • Permanent aisles and passageways must be marked.

Covers and Guardrails • Covers and/or guardrails must be provided to protect personnel from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.

Guarding Floor and Wall Openings • Any floor opening must be protected as follows: – Stairway openings by guardrails. – Ladderway or platform openings by guardrails. – Hatches or chutes by one of the following: • • Hinged floor opening cover. Removable guard rail with toeboard. Skylights by skylight screen or railing. Pits, manholes, temporary openings, etc. by covers or railings.

Fixed Stairs • Fixed stairs shall be provided for access from one level to another where regular travel between levels is anticipated. • Stairs must: – Be able to carry a load five times expected load.

• Have a minimum width of 22 inches. • Be installed at angles to the horizontal of between 30 and 50 degrees. For example: Angle to Horizontal 30 degrees 49 degrees Rise ( inches) Tread Run (inches) 6½ 8 9½ 11 9½ 8 • Treads and nosings shall be slip resistant. • Stairway platforms shall be no less the width of the stairs and at least 30 inches in length.

• Railings shall be applied on the open side. • Handrails shall be provided on at least one side of a closed stairway, preferably the right side-descending. Sorry all you left handers. • Vertical overhead clearance shall be at least seven feet.

Portable Wood Ladders • Stepladders more than 20 feet shall not be supplied. • Step spacing cannot be more than 12 inches. • Minimum width between side rails at the top shall not be less than 11 ½ inches. From top to bottom side rails shall spread at least 1 inch for every foot of length of the stepladder.

• Single ladders longer than 30 feet shall not be used. • Two section extension ladders shall not be longer than 60 feet. • Ladders must be maintained in good shape at all times, joints must be tight, all hardware must be securely attached and moveable parts operate freely without binding. • Safety feet shall be used and kept in good condition.

• Never paint wood ladders. • Question: When using a portable extension ladder, how does one figure the pitch-or angle the ladder must be placed on the wall? ANSWER- The horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder must be one quarter of the working length of the ladder or 1 foot from the wall for every 4 feet of height.

• Tops of stepladders shall not be used as steps. • No ladder can be used to access to a roof unless the ladder extends at least 3 feet above the roof or surface. • Portable stepladders fall into the following categories: • Type I- Industrial Stepladder, 3 to 20 feet, for heavy duty use such as contractors or industrial use. Type II- Commercial Stepladder, 3 to 12 feet, medium duty use such as painters or offices. Type III- Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet, for light duty, such as light household use.

SUMMARY • In one way or another, walking, working surfaces figure into many workplace injuries. • A good knowledge and understanding of these working surfaces will prevent injuries.