Vowels Vowels either long or short macronlong mark

Vowels • Vowels: either long or short • macron-long mark • Without a long mark a vowel is short Long ā as in father: dās, cārā ē as in they: mē, sēdēs ī as in machine: hīc, sīca ō as in clover: ōs, mōrēs ū as in rude: tū, sūmō Short as in Dinah: dat, casa e as in pet: et, sed i as in pin: hic, sicca o as in orb, off : os, mora u as in put: tum, sum

Dipthongs: ae as ai in aisle: cārae, saepe au as ou in house: aut, laudō ei as in reign: deinde eu as Latin e + u, pronounced rapidly as a single syllable: seu. The sound does not occur in English and is rare in Latin. oe as oi in oil: coepit, proelium ui as in Latin u + i, spoken as a single syllable like Spanish muy (or like English gooey, pronounced quickly as a single syllable). This diphthong occurs only in huius, cuius, huic, cui, hui. Elsewhere the two letters are spoken separately as in fu-it, frūctu-ī.

Verbs • Person: who is the subject, who performs or receives the action – 1 st = speaker (1, we) – 2 nd = person spoken to (you) – 3 rd = person spoken about (he, she, it, they) • Number: how many subjects, singular or plural • Tense: time of action (present, future, imperfect, future perfect, pluperfect) • Mood: manner of action or state of being – Indicative: indicates facts – Imperative: orders actions – Subjunctive: describes hypothetical actions • Voice: indicates whether action is performed or received – Active – Passive

Conjugation • To conjugate means to join together or list all forms of the verb (person, number, tense, mood, voice) • Finite verb: exhibits previous characteristics • Infinitive: common verb form, lacks person and number, “to” do something – Conjugate the verb to praise

Personal Endings • Singular – 1 st person – 2 nd person – 3 rd person -o or –m (I) -s (you) -t (he, she, it) • Plural – 1 st person – 2 nd person – 3 rd person -mus -tis -nt (we) (you all) (they)

portāre: to carry, bring 1 st conjugation –āre, present stem porta- S 1 st 2 nd 3 rd -Aquam portō -Portant togam P

docēre: to teach 2 nd conjugation –ēre, present stem doce- S 1 st 2 nd 3 rd -Fīliās docētis P

Myth • Not just a genre of stories, but a type of speech (a way of saying something – presenting an ideology, set of values, expressing intention of storyteller) • Justify a social system, account for traditional rites or customs • Myths give meaning • Greek myth transmitted through poetry and drama, Roman myth written in prose providing sense of history and foundation of what was Roman (rituals, institutions)

Olympians Zeus - Jupiter: the king of all the gods (and father to many) and god of the sky, law and fate Hera - Juno: the queen of the gods and goddess of marriage Aphrodite - Venus: goddess of beauty and love Apollo - Apollo: god of prophesy, the arts, music and poetry and knowledge Ares - Mars: god of war Artemis - Diana: goddess of hunting, animals and childbirth Athena - Minerva: goddess of wisdom, war and crafts Demeter - Ceres: goddess of agriculture and grain Dionysos - Bacchus: god of wine, pleasure and festivity Hephaistos - Vulcan: god of fire, metalworking and sculpture Hermes - Mercury: god of travel, hospitality and trade and Zeus’s personal messenger Poseidon - Neptune: god of the sea and earthquakes

Aeneas, Romulus and Remus • Virgil’s Aeneid • Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, escapes Troy with Venus’ help, sets sail for Italy to found city • Juno interferes • Adventures lead to shipwreck on Carthage, meets Dido • Marries Lavinia - Lavinium • Rhea (daughter of true king of Alba Longa) and Marstwins

Pandora • First mortal woman created by Vulcan and Minerva following instructions of Zeus • Prometheus (Titan, protector of mankind, steals fire) • Zeus punishes him and his brother Epimetheus by giving him Pandora • Pandora’s curiosity and her box • Her story explains origin of evil in Greek world