Vowels A vowel sound is produced with an

Vowels • A vowel sound is produced with an open passage of air in the mouth. Vowel sounds are produced are articulated with a free airflow. • The shape of the mouth forms a cubic area or a tube-shaped cavity that starts from the throat and ends at the lips. • The upper surface of the tongue’s main body is like a convex or a hump in the mouth.

Vocal tract as a resonating tube

How are different vowels made? 3 1 Changing the size and the shape of the VOCAL TRACT - a set of tubes filled with air 1. Oral cavity 2. Pharyngeal cavit 2 3. Nasal Cavity

/i: / in see large pharynx small oral cavity / ɑ: / in park small pharynx large oral cavity

[i] The sound which is produced when the tongue is as high and as far forward in the mouth as is possible while still producing a vowel. [ɑ] The tongue is as low and as far back in the mouth as is possible while still producing a vowel.

Descriptive Terms 1 - Horizontal axis: Front vowels lie beneath the hard palate, back vowels lie beneath the soft palate, and central vowels lie beneath the area between the soft and hard palate. Front - Central – Back 2 - Vertical axis: high vowels are made with the front tongue is close to the palate. Low vowels are made with the tongue is lowered from the mouth and automatically entails the opening of the mouth. Close - Mid - Open 3 - The position of the lips is a third dimension for describing vowel sounds, i. e. , rounded or unrounded vowels. 4 - A vowel is long or short

How vowels are described? The position of the highest point of the tongue: ü how high or low the highest point of the tongue is. ü how front or back the tongue’s highest point in the mouth is

Vowel Description n n /i/ as in see is close, front, unrounded, long /u/ as in food is close, back, rounded, long /ɜ/ as in shirt is half close, central, slightly rounded, long /ɔ/ as in bought is half open, back, slightly rounded, long / ɑ / as in park is open, back, slightly rounded, long

Vowel Description n n n / I / as in sit is front, half-close, unrounded short /ʊ/ as in book is half-close back rounded short /e/ as in get is front half-close unrounded short /ə/ as in ago, writer is central half-open slightly rounded short /æ/as in cat is open, front neutral short /ʌ/ as in cut is central open short neutral

In the following sets of words the sound of the vowel is the same in every case but one. Circle the word that has a different vowel sound. Then write the vowel symbol that represents the common sound in the remaining three. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. pen said death mess mean Meat steak weak theme green sane pad fat chap mast hoot good moon view suit cup dub core some

Read the following words and group them in columns under their vowel symbol: [ board, two, bored, moth, do, through, blue, daughter , crew, cod, dog, cup, some , pause, dull, doll, choose, chores , Paul, true, dove ] /ɔ/ /u/ ɒ /ʌ/

Describe the vowel sound in each of the following words: n sought, pot, cut, seed, father, soon, bird, sad, bit, about

Answer n sought: open, back, long, slightly rounded pot: open, back, short, slightly rounded cut: central open short neutral n Seed: close, front, unrounded, long n Father : open, back, slightly rounded, long n Soon : close, back, rounded, long n n n Bird : half close, central, slightly rounded, long Sad : open, front neutral short Bit : front, half-close, unrounded short about : central half-open slightly rounded short

Diphthongs n Diphthongs involve a movement or glide from one vowel to another. A vowel which remains constant and does not glide is called a pure vowel. The total number of diphthongs in English is Eight. Diphthongs Centering closing ending in ə ɪə eə ending in I ʊə e. I a. I ending in ʊ ɔɪ əʊ aʊ

Examples of Diphthongs n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds. It is a tongue movement from one vocalic position to another. Diphthongs in English include: /ɪə/ beer, fear /eə/ chair, stare /ʊə/ sure, tour , pour /e. I/ say, weigh , pay /a. I/ high, buy , site /ɔɪ/ toy, joy, coy /əʊ/ go, hello , /aʊ/ house, now, found

Triphthongs n Ø Ø Ø A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. e Iə layer , player a Iə liar , fire ɔ Iə loyal , royal əʊə lower , mower aʊə hour , power

Arabic Vowel n n n 1. 2. Short vowels: / I / kasra , /ʊ / dammah, /ə / Fathah Long vowels : /i/ ﻓﻴﻞ , /u/ ﻓﻮﻝ , / æ / ﻓﺎﺕ Diphthongs: / aʊ / ﻧﻮﻡ , ﺳﻮﻑ , /a / I/ ﺑﻴﺖ , ﻛﻴﻒ English has a greater number of vowels than Arabic. This creates problems for Arab learners in the recognition and production of English vowel sounds. Arabic learners commonly have problems pronouncing central vowels / ə / and / ɜ: /. They try to fit the English vowels into their vowel system. n **Did you see the beard in the tree? # Did you see the bird in the tree? v /I/ # /e/ [s. It], [set] , /ʌ/ # /ɒ/ [lʌk] , [lɒk], /ɜ: / / # /a: / [dɜ: t] , [da: rt] Ø /ɪə/ [beer] /ʊə/ [ ʃʊə] / əʊ / [kəʊt] Ø Ø [be: r] [ʃu: r] [kɔ: t]

Arabic Vowels 3. There are some English vowels that do not exist in Arabic like /e/, /ɔː/, /ɒ/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /ɑː/ 4. Arabic learners usually experience difficulties distinguishing between the sounds below and often have trouble producing them /e/ , / ʌ / , / ɒ / , / ɔ / 5. The schwa /ə/ / is problematic for Arab learners as in the word /bəna: nə/. The schwa replaces unstressed vowels. Also function words: am [əm], does [dəz], the [ðə], [fə], to [tə] 6. Vowel length: voiceless consonant in each of the following pairs of consonants, [θ, ð], [s, z], [p, b], [f, v], [t, d], k, g], [ʃ, ʒ], [tʃ, dʒ], influences the vowel preceding it and makes it shorter than in the case of voiced consonant. Notice the length of vowel in pairs such as /seif/ and /seiv/, /grəʊθ/ and /ləʊð/, /bit/ and /bid/.

Find the errors in the transcription of the consonant sounds in the following words. In each word there is one error, indicating an impossible pronunciation of that word for a native speaker of English of any variety. Correct the error: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. wishing [wishiŋ ] should be [ wives [wa. Ivs] should be [ these [ θiz ] should be [ hijacking [ha. Ijækɪŋ] should be [ chipping [tʃɪppɪŋ ] should be [ avoid [ævɔ æv Id ] should be [ bedroom [bedrɔm ] should be [ manage [mænædʒ] ædʒ should be [ umbrella [umbrelə ] should be [ ] ] ] ] ]

Find the errors in the transcription of the consonant sounds in the following words. In each word there is one error, indicating an impossible pronunciation of that word for a native speaker of English of any variety. Correct the error: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. wishing [wishiŋ ] should be [wɪʃɪŋ ] wives [wa. Ivs] should be [wa. Ivz ] these [ θiz ] should be [ðiz ] hijacking [ha. Ijækɪŋ] should be [ha. Idʒækɪŋ ] chipping [tʃɪppɪŋ ] should be [tʃɪpɪŋ ] avoid [ævɔ æv Id ] should be [əvɔId ] bedroom [bedrɔm ] should be [ bedrum ] manage [mænædʒ] ædʒ should be [ mænədʒ ] umbrella [umbrelə ] should be [ əmbrelə ]

Transcribe the following sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. We can see three trees. He still lives in the big city. The girl with curls has furs and pearls. The boy was annoyed by boiled oysters. Sue threw the soup into the pool. The doll at the top costs lots.

Transcribe the following sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. wi kæn si θri triz hi stɪl lɪvz ɪn ðə bɪg sɪti ðə gɜrl wɪθ kɜrlz hæz fɜrz ənd pɜrlz ðə bɔI wəz ənɔId ba. I bɔIld ɔIstərz su θru ðə sup ɪntu ðə pu: l ðə dɒl ət ðə tɒp kɒsts lɒts

evər sɪns ðə ta. Im əv ðə griks, drɑmə həz ple. Id ən ɪmpɔrtənt rɔ r l ɪn pipəlz lɪvz. ðə grik trædʒədiz ənd kɒmədiz wər ə sentrəl pɑrt əv ðə la. If əv ðə sɪtəzənz əv entʃənt gris.

n Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important role in people's lives. The Greek tragedies and comedies were a central part of the life of the citizens of ancient Greece.

The government should provide more financial assistance to parents who use childcare. Childcare centers may assist children in their early development. They give children an opportunity to mix with other children and to develop social skills at an early age.

n ðə gəvərmənt ʃʊd prəva. Id mɔr fa. Inænʃəl əsɪstəns tu pɜrənts hu juz tʃajldkɛr. tʃa. Ildkɜr sentərz me əsɪst tʃɪldrən ɪn ðɛr ərli dɪveləpmənt. ðe. I gɪv tʃɪldrən ən ɒpərtunəti tu mɪks wɪð əðər tʃɪldrən ənd tu dɪveləp sɔʃəl skɪlz ət æn ərli e. Idʒ.

Phonology q Phonology examines the organization and distribution of speech sounds in a particular language as well as the interaction between those different sounds. While we find two or more languages have the same sounds, no two languages organize their sound inventories in the same way. S >>>> p, t, k ? ? ? S >>>> f, g, v ü ** fwallow **smlt are not possible words in English

Phonology q In every language, certain sounds are considered the ‘same’ sound even though they may be different. ü /top/ , /stop/ , /little/, /kitten/ For native speakers, all these words have /t/ in them, at least at some psychological level. They can ignore the phonetic differences since they are non-distinctive whereas in other languages there is a difference between aspirated and nonaspirated sounds. They can change meaning and thus called distinctive. /but/ , /shut/ , /take/, /try/ are the same in English though the first two are pronounced like Arabic / ﻁ /. They are noncontrastive. ü ü The two sounds are two different phonemes in Arabic as in words ﻃﺎﺏ , ﺗﺎﺏ ، ﺳﻄﺎﺀ ، ﺳﻤﺎﺀ Say why the following are phonemes in Arabic but not in English [ /T/ , /Z/ , /S/ ]

Phonemes q A phoneme: It is a class of speech sounds that are identified by a native speaker as being the same sound. So a phoneme is like an umbrella which may have several forms or several pronunciations, i. e. (a family of sounds). It is the smallest sound unit in a language that can indicate a difference in meaning. q One way for establishing the phonemes of a language is by means of minimal pairs. Pan ban Can cat Pill bill Buy tie Beat bit Shy sigh n n n

Allophones q An allophone: the members of this class of sounds (the phoneme) which are the actual phonetic segments produced by a speaker. It is a phone that has been classified as belonging to the same class or phoneme /th/, /t/ or /ph/ /p/.

Some phonological rules Assimilation: It causes a sound to become more like a neighboring sound with respect to some feature: 1. When a sound having the features of an alveaolar stop /t/ , /d/ precedes a bilabial consonant, it causes /t/, /d/ to take on the feature bilabial. Goodbye – goobbye / “five pens” /v/ become /f/ “fif pens” 2. Dental consonants: alveaolar consonants become dental when followed by a dental sound / ð /, / θ /. Health, eighth , in this. 3. Vowel nasalization: vowels become nasalised when they are followed by a nasal sound… /sang/, /mean/

Some phonological rules 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. white bird: bilabial /b/ replaces alveolar /t/ under the influence of the bilabial /b/ gone back: bilabial /m/ replaces alveolar /n/ under the influence of the bilabial /b/ night club: velar /k/ replaces alveolar /t/ under the influence of the velar /k/ has to: voiceless /s/ replaces voiced /z/ under the influence of voiceless /t/ soft snow: alveolar /t/ is omitted under the influence of alveolar /s/ grand mother: the /d/ in /nd/often disappears if followed by a word starting with a nasal.

Some phonological rules … cont’d Dissimilation: It causes two neighboring sounds to become much less alike with respect to some features. a- Fricative dissimilation: / θ / changes to / t / following another fricative. The word fifth [ fifθ ] is often pronounced as [ fift], sixth /siksth/ is pronounced [sikst]. In these two examples the fricative / θ / becomes less like an adjacent fricative consonant; it does so through a change in the manner of articulation, thereby becoming a alveolar.

Some phonological rules … cont’d Insertion: it causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word. a- voiceless stop insertion: between a nasal and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted. n dance [dænts] n hamster [hæmpstər] n comfortable [ kəmpftəbl ]

Some phonological rules … cont’d Deletion: It involves elimination of a sound as in the case of unstressed syllables and in casual speech. a- /h/ deletion : this rule would apply to a sentence such as He Handed her his hat [hi hændəd r Iz hæt] b- unstressed vowel deletion: a vowel that precedes a liquid consonant in an unstressed syllable may be deleted. police [polis] >>>>>[plis] Believe [bəliv/ >>>>> [bliv]