von KunnertWernhart Hatzinger Braun Pichler The small difference

von Kunnert-Wernhart, Hatzinger, Braun & Pichler

„The small difference“ Genetically basics Karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormones and sex / Menstrual cycle

Process of making a cell culture sterile Nutrient solution Taking of blood samples from the arm vein Culture of leucocytes Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4 Stimulation of mitosis (37°C)

Prepare the chromosomes Stopping the mitosis with colchicine Adding of distilled water Centrifuged leucocytes Fixation and centrifugation Bildquellen: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4, http: //www. liesing. at/laab/Landschaft_2/Herbstzeitlose. jpg

Microscopy Placing a drop on a microscope slide Human chromosomes (enlarged 700 times) Counting and photographing Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

Karyotype Centromere region chromatids karyotype Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

Karyotype Organize chromosomes in a karyotype: CLICK Now try it yourself: CLICK http: //gslc. genetics. utah. edu/units/disorders/karyotype. cfm

Drag & drop exercise (in PPT Normalansicht) Sex chromosomes diploid: Parents: XX XY Sex chromosomes haploid: Gametes: or or Offspring: X X X Y Y Y Autosomes: 22 22 44 44 Where do they fit? Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

X- & Y-Chromosome Bildquelle: http: //www. learner. org/channel/courses/biology

„The small difference“ Genetically basics karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormones and sex / Menstrual cycle

Reproductive organs Click on the icons!

„The small difference“ Genetically basics karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormones and sex / Menstrual cycle

Development of reproductive organs Female fertility Puberty http: //www. by-choice-notchance. com/scripts/en/consumer/index. php to the FILL-IN EXERCISE

Exercises 1. Bearbeite den deutschsprachigen Lückentext zum eben gesehen Film: http: //www. eduhi. at/dl/pubertaet. htm 2. View the animation from the BBC page about puberty: http: //www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbod y/body/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/

„The small difference“ Genetically basics karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormones and sex / Menstrual cycle

g. Testis/Testes Hoden Situated in the scrotum (Hodensack) is divided in many separated parts, where very small tubes (about 1000/testis) are situated. About 300 million sperm cells are produced per day. (!) Produces the male sex hormone (Testosterone) (which are also produced in a minor quantity in man and woman in the cortex of suprarenal gland) g Sperms Samenzellen Development needs about 20 days they consist of a head (holds the genetic material), a midpiece (with energy for moving) and a tail (for movement) Bildquelle: http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/

g Epididymis Nebenhoden Sperms are stored and made resistant against outer impact here starts the g Vas deferens Samenleiter 2 of them about 50 cm long and ducts into the g Seminal vesicle Samenblase/Bläschendrüse Secretes an alkaline fluid, which initiates the movement of the sperms g Prostate gland Vorsteherdrüse/Prostata Produces another secret (milky) at sexual excitement the muscles contract and close the urethra (that prevents the simultaneous exit of sperms and urine) Bildquelle: http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/

g Urethra Harnröhre is mainly a duct for urine and sperm of the man g Penis Glied it contains three erectile tissues, which fill up with arterial blood at sexual excitement; especially the glans penis (thickened end part) contains many axons and is therefore very sensitive; the foreskin acts as a protection Bildquelle: http: //www. physiciansselect. com/male-sexual-libido-booster. htm

What does it mean? (connect pairs) Erektion Entfernung der Hoden Ejakulation nächtlicher Samenerguss Pollution Fähigkeit zum Geschlechtsverkehr Kastration Versteifung des Glieds Eunuch sexuelles Verlangen Sterilisation Samenerguss Libido Durchtrennung der Samenleiter (bzw. Eileiter) Durch Entfernung der Hoden vor der Pubertät Potenz

Sperm & egg cell Semen consists predominantly of secretion of three glands and certainly sperm cells. The amount of sperms determine the chance of pregnancy. Bildquelle: http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ The egg cell or ovum is the biggest cell in the human body (0, 2 mm, visible to the naked eye). Sperms and egg cells are also called gametes.

g Fallopian tube Eileiter Receive egg cells after ovulation Are ducts which connect the ovaries with the uterus (only some mm in diameter) Sometimes scarred over possibility of tubal pregnancy (Eileiterschwangerschaft) If both tubes are blocked only in vitro fertilization is possible (test-tube baby) g Uterus Gebärmutter Size of an hen's egg Wall made of smooth muscles (are active at labor (Wehen) and menstruation) Layed out with mucous membrane, which dimension varies within one month the part which reaches into the vagina is called the cervix (Muttermund), mucus inside helps as protection against germs g. Vagina Scheide Bildquelle: http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ Muscular tube, with mucous membrane inside Hymen Jungfernhäutchen closes the opening of the vagina (function: protection)

g. Eierstock (Ovary) OVARIES erzeugen Östrogene (estrogen) und Gestagene (progesterone) und Eizellen bei der Geburt enthalten sie 400. 000 unreife Eizellen, ab der Pubertät reift davon eines pro Monat heran (Meiosis) Reifung erfolgt im Follikel (follicle) Bläschen mit Flüssigkeit) dieser bildet Follikelhormone (Östrogene) und platzt beim Eisprung, so dass die Eizelle in den Eileiter gespült wird (Bauchhöhlenschwangerschaft ist möglich!) Rest des Follikels wird zum Gelbkörper wird die Eizelle. . . (corpus luteum), der Progesteron erzeugt befruchtet, nistet sie sich die weiblichen Geschlechtshormone ein; der Gelbkörper bleibt bis haben die Aufgabe, die zum 4. Monat erhalten, danach Gebärmutterschleim-haut auf ein eventuell befruchtetes Ei vorzubereiten bildet die Plazenta die Gestagene (Schleimhauterhalt!) nicht befruchtet, stirbt sie ab, der Gelbkörper bildet sich nach 14 Tagen zurück; es kommt zur Regelblutung, eine neue Eizelle reift heran Bildquelle: http: //www. mallig. de

Female fertility Menstruation & Conception http: //www. by-choice-notchance. com/scripts/en/consumer/index. php

g. Labia majora, Labia minora and clitoris Contain (like the penis) erectile tissues, which is filled up with blood during sexual excitement; the flow up of the blood over veins (Venen) is prevented The clitoris is rich of nerve cells and therefore very sensitive, touching can lead to orgasm Glands (Bartholinische Drüsen) at the base of the labia minora secrete at sexual excitement a fluid which keeps the vagina moist and decreases friction Bildquelle: http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/

„The small difference“ Genetically basics karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormones and sex / Menstrual cycle

HORMONES regulate the menstrual cycle: „The cycle starts in the brain“ Pituitary gland Quelle: http: //www. gnis-pedagogie. org/img/doc 2/tete. gif

- - suppresses FSH & LH - release suppresses FSH - release + stimulates LH - release produces FSH (=follicle-stimulating hormone) Causes maturation of the follicle in the ovary LH (=luteinizing hormone) LH and FSH together trigger ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum Estrogen Bildquelle: http: // www. baby-bonus. de Progesterone Lining of the uterus is stimulated to grow and to get thicker

Hormones of the menstrual cycle Hormones produced by the pituitary Hormones produced by the ovaries Bildquelle: www. kinderwunsch. ch

Hormonal control system Hormones Hormonal control system http: //www. by-choice-notchance. com/scripts/en/consumer/index. php

2 possibilities: 1) The egg cell is not fertilized: corpus luteum withers and the uterine lining is shedding. Menstrual bleeding begins and with it the next cycle 2) The egg cell is not fertilized: the uterine lining starts to release gonadotropin so the corpus luteum remains and produces further on progesterone Pregnancy strip tests look for the presence of the hormone gonadotropin in human urine - which is later on produced by the placenta.

Hormonal contraceptives. . . contain sex hormones which act in a similar way to the estrogens and progesterone produced by the body and pretend a pregnancy. So the production of FSH and LH in the pituitary are suppressed. The pill Bildquellen: Scheiden Ring: http: //www. planningchrr. com Pille und Implanon aus: www. m-ww. de (Medicine worldwide) Implanon Vaginal-ring

Try to fill in the missing words on the next transparencies:

- - suppresses FSH & LH - release suppresses FSH - release + stimulates LH - release produces Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum Bildquelle: http: // www. baby-bonus. de Lining of the uterus is stimulated to grow and to get thicker

- suppresses + stimulates - suppresses - release & - release produces FSH (=follicle-stimulating hormone) Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary LH (=luteinizing hormone) LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum Estrogen Bildquelle: http: // www. baby-bonus. de Progesterone Lining of the uterus is stimulated to grow and to get thicker

Weitere Quellen Bildquelle Hintergrundbild: http: //nolte-net. de/images/witze/vergleiche/tn_male_female. gifwww. mallig. de • • http: //www. verhuetung-abc. de www. g-netz. de Timm, Michael: „Gesundheit in Frage und Antwort“, Midena- Verlag, Augsburg 1997 de Bernabe, Dr. E. G. , „Schülerwissen aktuell“, Tosa- Verlag, Wien 1998 Brenner, Klaus- Ulrich: „Der Körper des Menschen“, Weltbild- Verlag, Augsburg 1996 „Atlas der Anatomie“, Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln 1990