Voicing Phonation LIN 3201 4 Parameters for Describing

Voicing & Phonation LIN 3201

4 Parameters for Describing Sounds 1. Airstream Mechanism l 2. State of the Glottis l 3. Vocal fold state - wide open, vibrating – that affects airstream Place of Articulation l 4. How/From where air is initiated, direction of airflow Where air is shaped in airstream Manner of Articulation l How air is shaped in airstream

The Larynx & Vocal Folds www. yorku. ca/earnstro/journey/images/larxsec. gif

Pictures of Larynx www. anatomyatlases. org

www. anatomyatlases. org

What is Phonation? l Keep in mind, with state of glottis & vocal folds: Ø Phonation is NOT articulatory in nature o Ø NOT glottis in SHAPING AIRFLOW – i. e. not glottal stop Phonation is NOT initiatory in nature o NOT glottis as INITIATOR of AIRFLOW – i. e. not glottalic inititation

Instead… l We mean the status of vocal folds while air (the initiatory airstream) passes through the glottis, as in: ¡ Wide open glottis – relaxed vocal folds ¡ Narrowing of glottis – vibrating vocal folds l Also known as VOICING

Phonation & Initiation Airstream must pass through larynx for phonation to occur Glottalic Initiation = generally unphonated Glottis tightly closed for Implosives & Ejectives– no airstream flows through l BUT Vocied Glottalic Ingressives (Voiced Implosives) CAN BE PHONATED- downward motion of larynx allows some air to flow through for voicing l

Velaric Initiation (Clicks) = no phonation l Air trapped in mouth – no airstream through larynx l (Can perform against phonated background, but phonation is nasal hum, not click itself)

Pulmonic Inititation (Plosives)= phonation l Airstream from lungs must flow through larynx l ALL plosives are phonated, EXCEPT glottal stop

Larynx/Vocal Fold Links & Web Resources Three-dimensional, rotatable model of the larynx http: //anatomy. med. umich. edu/qtvr_larynx. html l Photos & Video of Larynx & Vocal Folds: ¡ http: //www. departments. bucknell. edu/linguistics/lectures/glottis. jpg ¡ http: //www. humnet. ucla. edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/demos/vocalfol ds/vocalfolds. htm ¡ http: //cspeech. ucd. ie/~fred/teaching/oldcourses/phonetics/glottis. html l SOURCE: http: //www. unc. edu/~jlsmith/pht-url. html#(2)

Different Types of Voicing/Phonation Different types of voicing due to different states of vocal folds during airflow Most Airflow ---> Least Airflow

Phonation Types 1. Voiceless – vocal folds wide open, allowing airs to pass through freely l l [p], [t], [k], [f], [s] in English Typically voiced sounds use diacritic

Vocal Folds during Voicelessness cspeech. ucd. ie/. . . /phonetics/pics/vfold-open. gif www. voiceproblem. org

Phonation Types, cont. 2. Breathy Voice/Murmur – vocal folds are held loosely open, but flap as air rushes by l Usually heard on release of following vowel Used “dotted” diacritic l http: //www. phonetics. ucla. edu/vowels/chapter 12/gujarati. html l

Vocal Folds during Breathy Voice/Murmur phonetics. ucla. edu/vowels/chapter 12/breathy. gif

Phonation Types, cont. 3. Voiced (Modal Voice) – Vocal Folds are set for vibration In English [b], [v], [d], [g], [z], [m], [n] and vowels are generally voiced l Produces periodic wave – regular increases and decreases in pressure l

Vocal Folds during Voicing www. linguistics. ucla. edu/. . . /slowcords. gif

Phonation Types, cont. 4. Creaky Voice – One end of vocal folds is closed completely, while a small opening in the front is opened; it vibrates slowly and produces a low frequency sound Slow, irregular vibration l IPA diacritic = [~] under the symbol l Also known as “vocal fry” l

Vocal Folds during Creaky Voice. http: //www. ims. unistuttgart. de/phonetik/EGG/page 10. htm#creak phonetics. ucla. edu/vowels/chapter 12/creaky. html

Phonation Types, cont. 5. Whisper – Turbulent airflow is caused by narrowing of glottis l l Used for sociolinguistic or paralinguistic effect in languages (emotion, secrecy, etc. ) VERY rare as linguistic use Catford calls this “murmur” Hook diacritic below sound