Voeding gezondheid stad implicaties voor stadslandbouw Bijeenkomst Stedennetwerk

Voeding, gezondheid & stad: implicaties voor stadslandbouw Bijeenkomst Stedennetwerk Stadslandbouw, 1 juli, Ede Edith Feskens, edith. feskens@wur. nl

Wageningen University & Research centre ‘To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life’ 1876 Higher agricultural education at national level 1918 ‘Landbouwhogeschool’ 1997 WU merged with Research Institutes

Campus Wageningen UR

Division of Human Nutrition (as of 1968) 190 people involved in research and education Ø 40 scientific staff members involved in teaching Ø 20 postdocs, researchers Ø 45 technical assistants, dieticians, administrative staff Ø 85 Ph. D fellows (~30% international, external) 764 students Nutrition & Health Ø 448 BSc, 316 MSc (26% international), 2150 Alumni Ø Courses, individual scientific work, internship in public/private organisation Ø In 2015: Distance learning MSc Nutritional & Public Health Epidemiology

Wat is Stadslandbouw? § Het produceren van voedsel en groen, in, om en voor de stad

Wat is Voeding? § Voedsel = Food § Voeding = Nutrition § Nutriënten (voedingsstoffen), voedingsmiddelen (Richtlijnen) § Voedselkeuze, voedingsgedrag § Voedingspatroon

Wat is Gezondheid? § WHO (1948): Gezondheid is een toestand van volledig lichamelijk, geestelijk en maatschappelijk welzijn en niet slechts de afwezigheid van ziekte of andere lichamelijk gebreken. § Nieuw voorgesteld (M. Huber): Het dynamische vermogen van mensen om zich aan te passen en zelf regie te voeren over hun welbevinden. (Positieve Gezondheid)

Quetelet Index = Body Mass Index § Gewicht (kg) / lengte 2 (m) <18. 5 ondergewicht 18. 5 -25 normaal gewicht 25 -30 overgewicht 30 -35 obesitas >35 morbide obesitas

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 2000 1990 2010 No Data 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% 20%– 24% 25%–

Medical complications of obesity Copyright © 2006 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Trends in overgewicht en obesitas in NL

Trend in kinderobesitas in NL

Overgewicht en Obesitas naar opleiding

Overweight ‘hotspots’ in NL

Overgewicht & Obesitas in NL

Ethnische verschillen?

Determinants of obesity

Conceptual framework of the social determinants of inequalities in obesity Copyright © 2007 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Pressures toward positive energy balance Bron: Hill et al. , 2000

Determinants of physical activity § Physical and social environment § Personal attributes § Aspects of the physical activity itself, such as exercise intensity and enjoyment of activity

Zoek de verschillen! RGV Voedselconsum ptiepeilin 2003, 2007

Summary of evidence WHO/FAO 2002 Strength of evidence Factors protecting against obesity Factors promoting obesity Convincing Regular physical Sedentary lifestyles; high intake of foods high in activity; high intake of energy and poor in micronutrients dietary fibre Probable Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for children; breast feeding Heavy marketing of energy dense foods and fastfood outlets; high intake of sugars (sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices); adverse socioeconomic conditions (in developed countries, especially for women) Possible* Foods with low glycaemic index Large portion sizes; high proportion of food prepared outside home (developed countries); eating patterns showing "rigid restraint and periodic disinhibition" Insufficient Increased frequency of eating Alcohol

Voedingsgedrag § Niet ontbijten § Snacken § Energie-dichte voeding § Grote porties § Gesuikerde drank (frisdrank) § Hoge eetsnelheid

Richtlijnen Goede Voeding leveren gezondheidswinst op! § Hart- en vaatziekten § Obesitas en Diabetes § Diverse soorten Kanker § Osteoporose § Deficienties, § Bloedarmoede etc

Bijna niemand eet gezond!

Gezonde Voeding: een bijdrage van stadslandbouw? § Link met de Gezonde Wijk. . § (Arnhem: in Achterstandswijk. . lopend project: Samen Langer Gezond. . Dit toevoegen? ) § Andere Voorbeelden? § Verkleinen van de fysieke en psychologische afstand tussen consument en producent. . § Breder scale verse groenten, lagere prijs? § Fysieke activeeti in moes- schooltuin § Sociale cohesie

Impact of garden-based youth nutrition intervention programs: a review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2009 § Findings from this review suggest that garden- based nutrition intervention programs may have the potential to promote increased fruit and vegetable intake among youth and increased willingness to taste fruits and vegetables among younger children; § however, empirical evidence in this area is relatively scant. § There is a need for well-designed, evidenced-based, peer -reviewed studies to determine program effectiveness and impact. .

Review of the nutritional implications of farmers' markets and community gardens: a call for evaluation and research efforts. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 §. § 7 studies on the impact of farmers‘ market nutrition programs for Special Supplemental Nutrition Program; 5 on programs for seniors, and 4 on focused on community gardens. § Findings from this review reveal that few well-designed research studies (eg, those incorporating control groups) utilizing valid and reliable dietary assessment methods to evaluate the influence of farmers' markets and community gardens on nutrition-related outcomes have been completed.

Regionaal bevolkingsonderzoek : Eet. Meet. Weet en NQplus § EMW: een ‘sampling-frame’ van 6000 mensen uit Wageningen eo (Ede, Renkum, Arnhem, Veenendaal) § NQplus (Nutrition Questionnaires plus. . ) gedetailleerd longitudinaal onderzoek onder 1750 EMW deelnemers (mannen en vrouwen van 20 -70 jaar)