Vocabulary Week 2 1 monomer single unit of

Vocabulary Week #2 � 1. monomer- single unit of a macromolecule. � 2. polymer- large macromolecule comprised of many monomers. � 3. catalyst- something that speeds up a reaction. � 4. enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst. � 5. calibrate- to adjust precisely for a particular function. � 6. saccharide- sugar � 7. amino acid- monomer of a protein � 8. covalent bond- strongest bond type, electrons shared � 9. ionic bond- bond where electrons are transferred.

Biological Molecules Why are we learning about inorganic molecules when Biology focuses on living organisms?

EOC Level 2

EOC Level 3

SEQUENCE �Place the steps of the scientific method in sequential order. �Hint: Sequential is the adj. for sequence. �Place post it on the yellow sheet with your first and last name.

Bellringer 8 -20 -13 �Create a Bar graph for the following Poverty Guidelines for America 2013. Number in Household Annual Income 1 $11, 490 2 $15, 510 3 $19, 530 4 $23, 550 5 $27, 579 6 $31, 590 7 $35, 610 8 $39, 630

Levels of Organization Atoms Molecules/ Compounds Cells Tissues Organ Systems Organisms

Similarities to Biology While all organisms are different; all share some similiarities �Composed of Cells �Levels of Organization �Use energy �Respond to the Environment/ Stimuli �Growth & Development �Reproduction �Adapt to Environment-Evolve �Homeostasis �Universal Genetic Code-DNA

Atoms �Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. �Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Atomic Composition �Protons- positive charge, located in nucleus. �Neutrons- neutral, located in nucleus. �Electrons-negative charge, located in electron shells around the nucleus.

Figure 2. 2 The Periodic Table (Part 1)

Terminology �Element- pure substance, made of only one kind of atom �Compound & Molecules- two or more elements held together by bonds

Element Importance to Organisms � 98% of living organisms are composed of the following elements: �Carbon �Hydrogen �Oxygen �Nitrogen �Phosphorous �Sulfur

Chemical Bonds �Chemical bond is when atoms bond together to form a molecule. � 3 Types of Chemical Bonds: �Covalent bonds �Ionic bonds �Hydrogen bonding

Bellringer 8 -21 -13

Covalent Bonds- atoms share electrons to form a molecule

Ionic Bonds- electrons are transferred between atoms. �“Opposites attract” �Cations �Anions

Hydrogen Bonds- weak bonds between water molecules.

Assignment refer to p. 36, 38, 41 �Draw the atomic structure of Carbon: Label protons, neutrons, electrons.

Assignment �Draw lines on your notebook paper to make six boxes. �Write the name of the six major elements in organisms. �Diagram the atomic nucleus and surrounding electrons. Make sure the atom structure is accurate. �Protons-green �Neutrons-blue �Electrons-red

EOC Lev. 2

Graphing Practice �Graph the following information using a line graph. �Bond Type (x axis) �Covalent Bond �Ionic Bond �Hydrogen Bond �Van der Waals Bond Strength (y axis) 50 7 3 1

Vocab Practice �What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

Water �Held together by weak hydrogen bonds.

1. Cohesion � 1. Cohesion-water’s ability to stick to other water molecules. �This causes: � Surface tension �Capillary action �Walking on water

2. Adhesion � 2. Adhesion-the ability of water to stick to other substances. �This causes: �Capillary action �Water moving up a tree’s vessels

3. Polarity �Polarity= ability to dissolve= universal solvent �Think tea, Kool. Aid, sugar and salt water

4. Water Density �Ice is less dense than liquid water= floats. �Aquatic organisms do not die in the winter.

5. High Specific Heat �Takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water. �Water will moderate climate because of its high heat capacity.

6. High Heat of Vaporization �Takes a lot of heat energy to change water from a liquid to a gas. �This causes: �Evaporative cooling/sweating

Anticipatory Set � 1. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? � 2. Which variable do you control: independent or dependent?

Bellringer Graded Today- Week 1 � 1. ______- educated guess � 2. ______- variable given to the experimental group, controlled by scientist � 3. _____- measured by scientist, experiment outcome � 4. _____- group that receives no independent variable � 5. _____- group that receives independent variable � 6. _____- explains how nature works, many hypotheses proven multiple times � 7. _____-explains what nature does under certain conditions, but does not explain why (math laws) � 8. _____- way scientists investigate

Vocabulary Week #2 � 9. _____- single unit of a macromolecule. � 10. _____- large macromolecule comprised of many monomers. � 11. _____- something that speeds up a reaction. � 12. _____ protein that acts as a catalyst. � 13. - to adjust precisely for a particular function. � 14. _____- sugar � 15. _____ monomer of a protein � 16. _____- strongest bond type, electrons shared � 17. _____- bond where electrons are transferred.

Vocabulary Week #3 � 18. _____ compound that has carbon and hydrogen � 19. _____- compound that is missing carbon or hydrogen. � 20. _____- atom that has a different number of neutrons. (C 12, C 14) � 21. _____- two � 22. _____- many �TEST TOMORROW…IT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.

Vocabulary Week #3 � 1. organic- compound that has carbon and hydrogen � 2. inorganic- compound that is missing carbon or hydrogen. � 3. isotope- atom that has a different number of neutrons. (C 12, C 14) � 4. di- two � 5. poly- many �TEST ON FRIDAY…IT WILL BE TIMED 40 MINUTES.

EOC Lev. 2

Scientific Method Practice �A hunter wants to attract the largest buck to his food plot. He has heard of several ways of doing this, and wants to design an experiment to try out a method other than just planting corn. For our purposes he has 1000 acres with one water source through the whole property. �Propose Hypothesis: �Experimental Group: Control Group: �Dependent variable: Independent variable:

p. H Scale �Water molecules have a strong affinity for one another, but can break apart. �H 2 O « H+ + OH- � water hydrogen hydroxide � ion � More H = acid �More OH = base

p. H Scale • Each number represents a jump in ten. • Buffers can be added to maintain homeostasis.

p. H is a Log scale

Calculate p. H differences in H concentration �p. H 2 - p. H 5 �p. H 1 - p. H 3 �p. H 1 - p. H 2 �p. H 10 - p. H 14 �p. H 3 - p. H 8 �p. H 3 - p. H 7 �p. H 7 – p. H 10 �p. H 5 – p. H 10 �p. H 1 - p. H 14 �p. H 1 - p. H 11

Inquiry Lab #2: p. H �Create a table as shown below to record substance & p. H. Substance p. H �Create a p. H scale, and record your substances. Must have 10 substances on scale. �Answer the following: � 1. Why do most of the food substances measured have a p. H close to 7. � 2. Label acids, Bases, Neutral, � 3. What does p. H measure? � 4. Compare acidic and basic solutions in terms of their H+ and OH- ion concentrations.

Bellringer 8 -28 -13 �SUMMARIZE the difference between a monomer and a polymer? �SUMMARIZE the difference between an acid and a base. �Name the property of water responsible for: �Evaporative cooling (sweating)= �Climate moderation=

EOC Level 3 & 3

EOC Level 3 & Level 2

EOC Level 2

Elements present in your body �. � If carbon is present then the compound is considered ______.

Four Classes of Organic Biomolecules �Carbohydrates �Lipids or fats �Proteins �Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates �Contain C, H, O in a 1: 2: 1 ratio. �Function: �provide energy in plants and animals �cell support in plants. �Carbohydrates are the most readily available energy source when ingested. Main energy supply.

Carbohydrates �When carbs are broken down, energy is released as ATP. �If the energy is unneeded, then the glucose is stored: �Glycogen: in the liver or muscles. �Cellulose and starch: in plants.

Carbohydrate Structure � 1 carbohydrate = _______ �Glucose- most important, plant sugar �Fructose- fruit sugar �Galactose-milk sugar �When two monosaccharides combine they create a________ sucrose — table sugar = glucose + fructose lactose — milk sugar = glucose + galactose maltose — malt sugar = glucose + glucose Many monosaccharides = ________

After ingesting carbohydrates, where do they go? �Carbohydrate Digestion Animation

Carbohydrate Structure �Carbohydrates can be isomers: same chemical formula, but different structural formula.

Figure 3. 15 Disaccharides Are Formed by Glycosidic Linkages (Part 2) This is cellobiose, a subunit of cellulose, humans don’t have the enzymes to break this down, but cows do. To us it is merely roughage. Cellulose is a very stable glucose polymer, and is the principle component of cell walls.

Dehydration Synthesis aka Polymerization �Process by which complex carbohydrates are made. �From the name it can be inferred that water is removed, resulting in a glycosidic bond. �Examples of polysaccharides: �Starch-stored excess plant sugars �Cellulose-plant cell wall formation �Glycogen-stored excess animal sugar. �To break apart carbohydrates hydrolysis must occur, i. e. the addition of water. �http: //nhscience. lonestar. edu/biol/dehydrat. ht ml

Lipids �Lipid monomer: glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules. �Contain C, H, O �Long term energy �Fats, oils, wax, steroids cholesterol Nonpolar= do not dissolve

Figure 3. 18 Synthesis of a Triglyceride

Energy and Calories �Calorie is a unit of energy. �To sustain life: women 60 cal/hr = 1440 cal/day � men 70 cal/hr = 1680 cal/day �Carbs have 4 cal/g �Fats have 9 cal/g �Need to eat from all groups to stay healthy.

Inquiry Lab #2: Calculating Food Calories �Use the food labels around the room to gather calorie information. �Calculate �cal. /g �cal. /100 g �Complete bar graph with the food type and calories per serving. Remember TALKS!

Lipids �There are three types of fatty acids: �Saturated fatty acid- all C-C are single, max number of H atoms, solid at room temp. , ex. butter and meat fat �Unsaturated fatty acid-C-C are double or triple, usually liquid at room temp. , ex. Peanut, corn, and olive oils �Polyunsaturated fatty acid- many C-C double or triple bonds, ex. Canola and vegetable oil.

Bellringer 9 -3 -13 �Create a pie graph using the following questions. �¼ graph state your favorite kind of vehicle �¼ graph state your favorite type of pizza topping � 1/8 graph state your least favorite school lunch � 1/8 state your favorite color � 1/8 state your ideal job � 1/8 state your favorite season

Level 3

Level 2

Carbohydrate & Lipid Review Carbohydrates Lipids �Elements present: _____ �Function: ________ �Source: _________ �Examples: ________ �Elements Present: _____ �Function: ________ �Source: _________ �Examples: ________

Exit Slip 9 -3 -12 �Create a model of a carbohydrate and a lipid as shown on your sheet. �Make sure that it is initialed for credit.

Bellringer 9 -4 -13 �GENERALIZE the similarities between carbohydrates and lipids. GENERALIZE their differences. � 1. Complete your carbohydrate model. � 2. Complete your lipid molecule. � 3. Exit Slip due today. � 4. Grade Conferences Today � 5. Homework Due Tomorrow.

Proteins �Contain: C, H, O, N, P, and S �Monomers of proteins are amino acids. �Amino acids link by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. �Proteins must fold to be functional.

Essential Amino Acids �Over 20 amino acids � 11 non-essential � 9 essential �Phenyalanine �Valine �Threonine �Tryptophan �These 9 are essential �Isoleucine because they cannot be synthesized by the body �Methionine �Leucine and must be supplemented. �Lysine �Histidine

Proteins �Function of Proteins: �antibodies (immunity) � enzymes �cell structure �energy storage. �Can be found in meats/muscle, collagen (in cells), keratin (hair and nails).

Vocabulary List #4 � 1. Monosaccharide- one sugar � 2. Disaccharide- two sugars � 3. Polysaccharide- many sugars � 4. Lipid- made of many units of glycerol + 3 fatty acids � 5. Enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst � 6. Metabolism- all chemical reactions in the body � 7. Catabolism- metabolism that involves breaking down e. g. food � 8. Anabolism- metabolism that involved building up e. g. steroids

Level 2

Enzymes �Enzymes are proteins that are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. �“ase”= enzymes �Enzymes form an enzyme-substrate complex , and speed up catabolic processes. �Enzyme Animation

Metabolism �Metabolism = chemical reactions in your body �Catabolism= breakdown �Anabolism= building up �The energy it takes to get a chemical reaction started is called the activation energy. �Some reactions take a long time; therefore, need a catalyst. �Catalyst-substance that speeds up the reaction �Catabolic Anabolic

Animations �Body Tract Animation �ADAM Animation � 40 s Food Digestion

Enzymes Sketch �Title the Page: Types of Metabolism, and divide sheet in 1/2 �Draw Anabolism and Catabolism �Be sure to include these terms on both drawings: �Substrate �Product �Active site �Enzyme-substrate complex

Exit Slip 9 -9 -13

A

Vocabulary List #4 � 1. ______- one sugar � 2. ______- two sugars � 3. ______- many sugars � 4. ______- made of many units of glycerol + 3 fatty acids � 5. ______- protein that acts as a catalyst � 6. ______- all chemical reactions in the body � 7. ______- metabolism that involves breaking down e. g. food � 8. ______- metabolism that involved building up e. g. steroids

Quiz Tomorrow Review �Elements in a carbohydrate: ______ �Elements in a lipid: ______ �Function of a Carbohydrate: _______ �Function of a lipid: ________ �Monomer of a Carbohydrate: _________ �Monomer of a lipid: ______________ �Carbohydrates are polar/nonpolar �Lipids are polar/nonpolar

Energy and Calories �Calorie is a unit of energy. �To sustain life: women 60 cal/hr = 1440 cal/day � men 70 cal/hr = 1680 cal/day �Carbs have 4 cal/g �Fats have 9 cal/g �Need to eat from all groups to stay healthy.

So which exercise is good for you? Activity 100 # 150# 200# Biking 6 mph 160 240 312 Biking 12 mph 270 410 534 Jumping Rope (10 min. ) 500 750 100 Running 5. 5 mph 440 660 962 Running 7 mph 610 920 1230 Running 10 mph 850 1280 1664 Swimming 25 yd. /min. 185 275 358 Swimming 50 yd. /min. 325 500 650 Tennis Singles 265 400 535 Walking 2 mph 160 240 312 Walking 3 mph 210 320 416 Walking 4. 5 mph 295 440 572

After you Swallow…Where does it go? �Digestion Animation �Lipid Metabolism

Nucleic Acids �Contain: C, H, O, N, P �Monomer : nucleotide which consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. �Two Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA deoxyribose=sugar DNA ribose=sugar RNA �Codes for genetic information

Question of the Day �What are the four classes of biomolecules? �What are you planning on doing over Thanksgiving break? �Do your plans relate to your aspirations you wrote down on the first day?