Vocabulary Savannas Tropical Rain Forests Jungle Linguists Oral

Vocabulary • • • Savannas Tropical Rain Forests Jungle Linguists Oral Traditions Matrilineal

Identify ◊ Bantu ◊ King ‘Ezana ◊ Swahili ◊ Shona ◊ Tunka Manin ◊ Mansa Musa ◊ Sonni ‘Ali ◊ Mohammed I Askia

Section 1: Reading Checks ◊ What geographic features of Africa affected human cultures? ◊ How did historians learn about the migrations of early peoples? ◊ What were the predominant patterns of life in many early African societies?

Africa ◊ 1. ) The well-fertile soil helped grow crops for the people, and farmers such as sorghum, millet, and rice. They also had cattle's. ◊ 2. ) By the type of seasons crop grows, oral traditions, languages, and their footmarks. ◊ 3. ) That they live in small, independent farming, herding, or fishing villages. Also, they were matrilineal.

Section 2: Reading Checks ◊ How did Kush develop as an independent kingdom? ◊ How did Aksum develop as an independent kingdom?

Kush ◊ This kingdom is really important in trade. Gold, ivory, ebony, and ostrich feathers were taken through Nubia. In about 1600 B. C. a Nubian trading center on the Nile called Karmah emerged. The capital of Kush was located at Napata. At first, Kush was close to Egypt. But, in about 1520 B. C. the rulers of Egypt’s New Kingdom conquered Nubia and Kush. For the next 500 years Kush was governed by pharaohs. But, in about 1750 B. C. Kush conquered Upper Egypt. In 671 B. C. the Assyrians armed with iron weapons invaded Kush, which weakened the kingdom very, much. Then 80 years later Napata was captured by an Egyptian force. The kingdom of Kush got together again, and eventually a new period of culture began. The new capital was Meroe. The region’s fertile soil made Meroe a good place for Agriculture. The people of Meroe built really good pyramids, and temples and crafted well made pottery and metal ornaments. But, Kush may have lost control over their trade routes as they were taken over by a rival state named, Aksum.

Aksum ◊ By about the A. D. 100 s, the people of Aksum had made an independent kingdom that had a lot of ivory trading. As Kush was going down hill, Aksum was competing for control of trade in Eastern Africa. Aksum sent gold, rhinoceros horns, ivory, incense, and decorative obsidian stone to Mediterranean countries by Egypt. The Aksumites imported glass, metal ornaments, pottery, wine, and olive oil. Plus, Aksum also minted its own coins. By about A. D. 300 Aksum was a military power. In A. D. 350 King Ezana of Aksum conquered Kush. King Ezana wanted Christiananity in the history of Eastern Africa. Christiananity became a powerful influence in this region. Aksum became a major center for long-distance trading throughout coastal East Africa. The Persians a trade rival, had gained a lot of control over the Red Sea trade. In the early A. D. 700 s, the rise of Islamic Arab power led to new competition with Aksum. Arab forces won control over both the Arabian and African sides of the Red Sea. Overall Aksum lost control over most of its trade and slowly went down hill as a political power.

Section 3: Reading Checks ◊ How did trade develop along the East African coast? ◊ How did kingdoms of West Africa become prosperous and powerful?

East Africa ◊ Africans exported ivory, hides, gold, and tortoise shells. They imported weapons , and porcelain. They also sold slaves. Groups of Muslim settlers from Persia, and Arabia began to move onto the East African Coast. These groups, strongly influenced by the ideals of Islam, formed a new, trade-based society in coastal East Africa that combined elements of Asian, African, and Islamic Cultures. Zimbabwe were exchanged for such needed goods as tools, cloth, and salt.

West Africa ◊ How did kingdoms of West Africa become prosperous and powerful? ◊ They had powerful weapons, fertile soil with crops, strong army fortress, and political organizations.

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