Vocabulary Myopathy Rhabdomyolysis Myositis Myasthemia Gravis Duchenne Muscular

Vocabulary • • Myopathy Rhabdomyolysis Myositis Myasthemia Gravis • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophys • Dystrophin 1

Muscle Disease-Introduction • Myopathy- neuromuscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. • "Myopathy" simply means muscle ______ (myo- Greek "muscle" + patho-Greek "suffering"). – Infection – Toxins – Trauma

Muscle weakness • Inability to exert force to the degree that would be expected given the individual's general physical fitness. • Occur due to lack of energy producing molecules or a failure in the balance of electrolytes within and surrounding the muscle cell necessary for neuromuscular function.

Rhabdomyolysis • Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged ____ muscle. Muscle breakdown causes the release of ____ into the bloodstream. Myoglobin is the protein that stores oxygen in your muscles. If you have too much myoglobin in your blood, it can cause _______ damage.

Skeletal muscle disorders • Primary muscle disease e. g muscular dystrophies • ______ of muscle (myositis) • Disorders of neuromuscular Transmission (Myasthenia Gravis)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) • DMD – due to the absence of a gene located on the short arm of the X chromosome at the Xp 21 site. – results in the absence of the gene product ____ in skeletal muscle • Dystropin – membrane-associated structural protein – serves as a strut to maintain muscle fiber integrity during contraction

The progression of the disease • Affected person (male) are normal at birth and manifest the disease in early childhood. • 1 st affects the muscle of the pelvic girdle (difficult getting up from seated position) • Walking is difficult (have to use wheelchair) • Death commonly results from involvement of respiratory muscles.

Inflammation of muscle (Myositis) • Infectious disease (bacteria, viral, parasitic, exotoxic • Immune disease (SLE) • Other causes (radiation, ischemia)

Muscular Disorders Muscular Disorder Annual Mortality Rate Description Symptoms Prevalence Genetic disease that interfere with muscle protein production and also damages the muscle fibers; 9 different forms Muscle weakness, lack of coordination and mobility 1 in 6, 000 males 5 -24 y/o 45% by age 24 Injury or abnormality to the brain that results in a disconnect between the brain and muscle movement Spastic paralysis, muscle tightness, abnormal gait, joint contracture, seizures 1 in 278 8, 000 Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness. Weakness due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors Hemi-paralysis, muscle weakness, 1 in 20, 000 N/A Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) AKA Lou Gehrig’s Disease; gradual degeneration of motor neurons Muscle impairment, atrophy, weakness, and eventually paralysis 2 in 100, 000 4, 000 Fibromyalgia Pain and tenderness of the muscles, joints, and soft tissues Fatigue, headaches, muscle pain, joint pain 1 in 50 N/A Myositis Inflammation of the skeletal muscles caused by an infection 1 in 1, 000 N/A Muscular dystrophy (MD) Cerebral palsy Muscle weakness, rash, fatigue, difficulty breathing

Head and Neck Muscles Figure 6. 14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing

Sternocleidomastoideus Flexes and Rotates Head

External Intercostals Elevate ribs

Internal Intercostals Depress ribs

Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles Figure 6. 16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6. 19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial Muscles: Anterior Figure 6. 20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

Superficial Muscles: Posterior Figure 6. 21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

Types of Ordinary Body Movements · Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together · Extension- opposite of flexion · Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head “no” · Abduction/Adduction (see slides) · Circumduction (see slides) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6. 32

Brain. POP animation about Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 w. Ln. R 7 GJak Y&list=PLxdyj. GV 9 MTK 9 h 3 GNf. M 1 w. NBc. A 8 q 2 u Dkc 3 k

10 Bodybuilders Whose Muscles Exploded https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =8 bo 2 TO 1 gf 14&t=106 s

Body Movements Figure 6. 13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Left: Abduction – moving the leg away from the midline Right: Circumduction: coneshaped movement, proximal end doesn’t move, while distal end moves in a circle. Above – Adductionmoving toward the midline