Vocabulary Definitions 1 23 Parallels Lines of latitudes

Vocabulary Definitions ( 1 -23)

• Parallels: Lines of latitudes; lines that move in the same direction • Lines of Latitude: Measure how far from the equator a place is and run from East to West • Lines of Longitude: Lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole • Meridians: Lines of longitude

Lines on a globe

• Cardinal directions: North, South, East, and West • Intermediate directions: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest • Equator: O degrees latitude, half-way point between North Pole and South Pole • Prime Meridian: Is O degrees longitude, it is the starting point for measuring lines of longitude

Cardinal and Intermediate Directions

• Slash and Burn Farming: Cutting down and burning plants, bushes, and trees in order to create farmland. • Bering Land Bridge: Beringia, a prehistoric “ land bridge” that once connected Asia and North America • Migration: To move from one place to another

Slash and burn farming- use of fire to create farmland to clear the land.

• Hunter-Gather: a person that belongs to a group that gathers food and hunts food for survival. • Hunter-Gather Societies: small tribes between 25 -50 people that hunt and gather for survival. • Primary Source: First hand, pieces of information that tells what it was like to be at a place or event in history. Ex: journals, diaries, bills • Secondary Source: a piece of information that was written after an event or place in history that describes the event. Ex: history book

• Artifacts: An object made by people long ago • Wondering Lifestyle: a tribe of people that does not stay in one place, but migrates or moves looking for food. • Nomadic Lifestyle: a person who travels from place to place without a permanent home • Agriculture: the raising of plants or animals for human use

• Temperate Climate: mild temperatures, neither too hot or too cold • Domestication: to tame • Cultivation: preparing the ground for planting or harvesting crops • Agricultural Revolution: also known as the. Neolithic Revolution, the initial transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture in prehistory

Lesson 1 - Early Gathers and Hunters Paleolithic Period • Studying Prehistory- time before written history. • Artifacts may tell us whether early people hunted or what tools they used.

Prehistory- the period of time before people developed written language • Early People- “Homo sapiens” • They also believe that groups of people began to move, or migrate, from East Africa to Europe and Asia thousands of years ago. • Archaeology – the study of past cultures through items left behind (artifact) • Anthropologist- study the cultural developments

• Early Americans • Huge ice sheets called glaciers covered large areas of land. When temperatures rose, the glaciers began to shrink.

• Migration Path • A large area of land called Beringia was uncovered due to freezing of the oceans water and the forming of large glacier. This formed a “land bridge” between the two continents. Animals were able to migrate between Asia and North America. Archeologists think that hunters followed herds of animals across the land bridge into the Americas.

Migration patters

Paleolithic People- notes • The Old Stone Age is known as the Paleolithic Period and lasted from about 2. 5 million years ago and ended 10, 000 years ago or (8, 000 BC). The early people were migrators and moved to find food and warmth. The earth went through many “ice ages” when glaciers covered the earth. Man created fire at this time and lived in small tribes. Man communicated through spoken or oral language and created cave art. Man ate berries, fruit, nuts they gathered, and animals they hunted.

Lesson 2 - Early Farmers. Neolithic Period • Technology- the way in which humans produce the items they use • Harvest- gather crops • Excavation site- where archaeologist dig up artifacts • Surplus- extra supply • Social division- the different roles that people have in society

• Climate- the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. • Carbon dating- a method of judging the age of things that lived years ago • The Stone Age-a period in prehistoric time when man used mostly stone tools. • New stone Age-a period where man improved technology- shorter period than old stone age • Old stone Age- a long period during prehistory where man did not improve in technology.

Early Farming • Grains were the first plant harvested. • Domestic Animals People began domesticating wild animals about 10, 000 years ago or 8, 000 bc. Animals were used for clothing, food, shelter, and the strong animals were used for plowing fields. This is how agriculture developed. This allowed a surplus of food that could be traded.

Travel begins • Because animals were domesticated they could be used for traveling. These animals were donkeys, horses, and camels. This helped develop the nomad lifestyle.

Village life • Skara Brae was an example of village life. The villages were small about 50 people and the homes were made of stones and bones. They raised cattle and sheep. Because they were able to get a surplus of food, social divisions began. This means people started to have different roles or jobs in the village.

Neolithic Period Notes • The New Stone Ages is known as the Neolithic Period and lasted between 10, 000 ya to 5, 000 ya. This is the time period where man learned to settle down, cultivate the land, domesticate the animals, get a surplus of food in order to begin social divisions (jobs). The earth was getting warmer and people settled down in temperate climates where there was fresh water, flat land, good food supply. Man developed new tools, used animals, and learned to polish and form rock.

Ice man • The “ice man” was found in 1991 in Europe. • Scientist believe he lived during the New Stone Age because they studied his copper ax and stone knife. • Scientist used carbon dating to date the “ice man” to 5, 300 years ago or 3, 300 bc.

Reconstruction of ice man May 2, 2012 - Oetzi, the 5, 300 -year-old "Iceman" mummy of the Alps, lived for some time after being shot in the back by an arrow, scientists said on Tuesday after using forensic technology to analyze his preserved blood.

Lesson 3 - Developing cultures • Culture- the way in which individuals and groups react to their environment. • Landform- a surface feature of Earth such as a mountain or a hill. • Geography- the study of the relationship between physical features, climate, and people. • Diverse- different

Contacting cultures • Culture- the way of life, this includes people’s customs, beliefs, and art and technology. • At the end of the Stone Age, there were several diverse, or different, groups that lived in the Americas. Each group had its own culture. Culture develops as a result of resources available.

• Cultures used what was around them. People who lived near rivers and lakes, developed cultures that used fish. Cultures that developed in the desert used camels and desert plants in their cultures. All cultures are different because resources are different. • Citrus fruits are grown in warm climates so people who live in that area made oranges and lemons a large part of their culture. • Culture is based on the resources available.

Prehistoric Art • The primary documents that we have about early people is “cave art”. Art that was developed by early people that tell us about those people and time. • They used their fingers and made paint from berries, rocks, animal fat or saliva. • This art shows us that people lived with and hunted horses, mammoth, and deer.

Old Stone Age- Hunter/Gather • The Old Stone Age is known as the Paleolithic period and was from 3. 5 million years ago to about 10, 000 years ago. The early people were migrators who moved to find warmth and food. The earth went through many “Ice Ages” and glaciers covered the earth. This is the time period where man created fire and lived in small tribes. Man communicated through spoken language and cave art. Man ate berries, fruit, nuts, and animals. They lived in caves and used wood, stone, and bone as tools.

New Stone Age- Farmer • The New Stone Age is known as the Neolithic period and lasted between 10, 000 -5, 000 years ago. This is the time period where man learned to settle down, cultivate the land, domesticate the animals, get a surplus of food in order to have social division. The earth was warmer and the people settled down in temperate climates where there was good fresh water, flat land, natural barriers, rich soil. Man adapted to the environment and continued to eat berries, fruit, nuts, and animals, but learned to milk animals, grow vegetables, and use eggs. The new tool was polished rock.

• What caused a surplus of food? • What makes up culture? • What do different people rely on for the development of culture? • How do we have a surplus today? • Why do we still domestic plants and animals? • How do archaeologist draw conclusions?